TY - JOUR
T1 - A case of double standard
T2 - Sex differences in multiple sclerosis risk factors
AU - Angeloni, Benedetta
AU - Bigi, Rachele
AU - Bellucci, Gianmarco
AU - Mechelli, Rosella
AU - Ballerini, Chiara
AU - Romano, Carmela
AU - Morena, Emanuele
AU - Pellicciari, Giulia
AU - Reniè, Roberta
AU - Rinaldi, Virginia
AU - Buscarinu, Maria Chiara
AU - Romano, Silvia
AU - Ristori, Giovanni
AU - Salvetti, Marco
N1 - Funding Information:
Funding: CENTERS is a ‘Special Project’ of, and is supported by, Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla (FISM).
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
PY - 2021/4/1
Y1 - 2021/4/1
N2 - Multiple sclerosis is a complex, multifactorial, dysimmune disease prevalent in women. Its etiopathogenesis is extremely intricate, since each risk factor behaves as a variable that is in-terconnected with others. In order to understand these interactions, sex must be considered as a determining element, either in a protective or pathological sense, and not as one of many variables. In particular, sex seems to highly influence immune response at chromosomal, epigenetic, and hormonal levels. Environmental and genetic risk factors cannot be considered without sex, since sex-based immunological differences deeply affect disease onset, course, and prognosis. Understanding the mechanisms underlying sex-based differences is necessary in order to develop a more effective and personalized therapeutic approach.
AB - Multiple sclerosis is a complex, multifactorial, dysimmune disease prevalent in women. Its etiopathogenesis is extremely intricate, since each risk factor behaves as a variable that is in-terconnected with others. In order to understand these interactions, sex must be considered as a determining element, either in a protective or pathological sense, and not as one of many variables. In particular, sex seems to highly influence immune response at chromosomal, epigenetic, and hormonal levels. Environmental and genetic risk factors cannot be considered without sex, since sex-based immunological differences deeply affect disease onset, course, and prognosis. Understanding the mechanisms underlying sex-based differences is necessary in order to develop a more effective and personalized therapeutic approach.
KW - Environmental factors
KW - Genetic factors
KW - Multiple sclerosis
KW - Sex bias
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85103515267&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85103515267&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3390/ijms22073696
DO - 10.3390/ijms22073696
M3 - Review article
AN - SCOPUS:85103515267
VL - 22
JO - International Journal of Molecular Sciences
JF - International Journal of Molecular Sciences
SN - 1661-6596
IS - 7
M1 - 3696
ER -