Abstract
Tests with vertebrates are an integral part of environmental hazard identification and risk assessment of chemicals, plant protection products, pharmaceuticals, biocides, feed additives and effluents. These tests raise ethical and economic concerns and are considered as inappropriate for assessing all of the substances and effluents that require regulatory testing. Hence, there is a strong demand for replacement, reduction and refinement strategies and methods. However, until now alternative approaches have only rarely been used in regulatory settings. This review provides an overview on current regulations of chemicals and the requirements for animal tests in environmental hazard and risk assessment. It aims to highlight the potential areas for alternative approaches in environmental hazard identification and risk assessment. Perspectives and limitations of alternative approaches to animal tests using vertebrates in environmental toxicology, i.e. mainly fish and amphibians, are discussed. Free access to existing (proprietary) animal test data, availability of validated alternative methods and a practical implementation of conceptual approaches such as the Adverse Outcome Pathways and Integrated Testing Strategies were identified as major requirements towards the successful development and implementation of alternative approaches. Although this article focusses on European regulations, its considerations and conclusions are of global relevance.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Pages (from-to) | 506-530 |
| Number of pages | 25 |
| Journal | Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology |
| Volume | 67 |
| Issue number | 3 |
| DOIs | |
| Publication status | Published - Dec 2013 |
Fingerprint
Keywords
- 3Rs
- Acute toxicity
- Bioconcentration
- Cell lines
- Chronic toxicity
- Endocrine disruption
- Exposure-based waiving
- Fish embryo test
- QSAR
- Read-across
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Toxicology
Cite this
A European perspective on alternatives to animal testing for environmental hazard identification and risk assessment. / Scholz, Stefan; Sela, Erika; Blaha, Ludek; Braunbeck, Thomas; Galay-Burgos, Malyka; García-Franco, Mauricio; Guinea, Joaquin; Klüver, Nils; Schirmer, Kristin; Tanneberger, Katrin; Tobor-Kapłon, Marysia; Witters, Hilda; Belanger, Scott; Benfenati, Emilio; Creton, Stuart; Cronin, Mark T D; Eggen, Rik I L; Embry, Michelle; Ekman, Drew; Gourmelon, Anne; Halder, Marlies; Hardy, Barry; Hartung, Thomas; Hubesch, Bruno; Jungmann, Dirk; Lampi, Mark A.; Lee, Lucy; Léonard, Marc; Küster, Eberhard; Lillicrap, Adam; Luckenbach, Till; Murk, Albertinka J.; Navas, José M.; Peijnenburg, Willie; Repetto, Guillermo; Salinas, Edward; Schüürmann, Gerrit; Spielmann, Horst; Tollefsen, Knut Erik; Walter-Rohde, Susanne; Whale, Graham; Wheeler, James R.; Winter, Matthew J.
In: Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, Vol. 67, No. 3, 12.2013, p. 506-530.Research output: Contribution to journal › Article
}
TY - JOUR
T1 - A European perspective on alternatives to animal testing for environmental hazard identification and risk assessment
AU - Scholz, Stefan
AU - Sela, Erika
AU - Blaha, Ludek
AU - Braunbeck, Thomas
AU - Galay-Burgos, Malyka
AU - García-Franco, Mauricio
AU - Guinea, Joaquin
AU - Klüver, Nils
AU - Schirmer, Kristin
AU - Tanneberger, Katrin
AU - Tobor-Kapłon, Marysia
AU - Witters, Hilda
AU - Belanger, Scott
AU - Benfenati, Emilio
AU - Creton, Stuart
AU - Cronin, Mark T D
AU - Eggen, Rik I L
AU - Embry, Michelle
AU - Ekman, Drew
AU - Gourmelon, Anne
AU - Halder, Marlies
AU - Hardy, Barry
AU - Hartung, Thomas
AU - Hubesch, Bruno
AU - Jungmann, Dirk
AU - Lampi, Mark A.
AU - Lee, Lucy
AU - Léonard, Marc
AU - Küster, Eberhard
AU - Lillicrap, Adam
AU - Luckenbach, Till
AU - Murk, Albertinka J.
AU - Navas, José M.
AU - Peijnenburg, Willie
AU - Repetto, Guillermo
AU - Salinas, Edward
AU - Schüürmann, Gerrit
AU - Spielmann, Horst
AU - Tollefsen, Knut Erik
AU - Walter-Rohde, Susanne
AU - Whale, Graham
AU - Wheeler, James R.
AU - Winter, Matthew J.
PY - 2013/12
Y1 - 2013/12
N2 - Tests with vertebrates are an integral part of environmental hazard identification and risk assessment of chemicals, plant protection products, pharmaceuticals, biocides, feed additives and effluents. These tests raise ethical and economic concerns and are considered as inappropriate for assessing all of the substances and effluents that require regulatory testing. Hence, there is a strong demand for replacement, reduction and refinement strategies and methods. However, until now alternative approaches have only rarely been used in regulatory settings. This review provides an overview on current regulations of chemicals and the requirements for animal tests in environmental hazard and risk assessment. It aims to highlight the potential areas for alternative approaches in environmental hazard identification and risk assessment. Perspectives and limitations of alternative approaches to animal tests using vertebrates in environmental toxicology, i.e. mainly fish and amphibians, are discussed. Free access to existing (proprietary) animal test data, availability of validated alternative methods and a practical implementation of conceptual approaches such as the Adverse Outcome Pathways and Integrated Testing Strategies were identified as major requirements towards the successful development and implementation of alternative approaches. Although this article focusses on European regulations, its considerations and conclusions are of global relevance.
AB - Tests with vertebrates are an integral part of environmental hazard identification and risk assessment of chemicals, plant protection products, pharmaceuticals, biocides, feed additives and effluents. These tests raise ethical and economic concerns and are considered as inappropriate for assessing all of the substances and effluents that require regulatory testing. Hence, there is a strong demand for replacement, reduction and refinement strategies and methods. However, until now alternative approaches have only rarely been used in regulatory settings. This review provides an overview on current regulations of chemicals and the requirements for animal tests in environmental hazard and risk assessment. It aims to highlight the potential areas for alternative approaches in environmental hazard identification and risk assessment. Perspectives and limitations of alternative approaches to animal tests using vertebrates in environmental toxicology, i.e. mainly fish and amphibians, are discussed. Free access to existing (proprietary) animal test data, availability of validated alternative methods and a practical implementation of conceptual approaches such as the Adverse Outcome Pathways and Integrated Testing Strategies were identified as major requirements towards the successful development and implementation of alternative approaches. Although this article focusses on European regulations, its considerations and conclusions are of global relevance.
KW - 3Rs
KW - Acute toxicity
KW - Bioconcentration
KW - Cell lines
KW - Chronic toxicity
KW - Endocrine disruption
KW - Exposure-based waiving
KW - Fish embryo test
KW - QSAR
KW - Read-across
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84887816244&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=84887816244&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.yrtph.2013.10.003
DO - 10.1016/j.yrtph.2013.10.003
M3 - Article
C2 - 24161465
AN - SCOPUS:84887816244
VL - 67
SP - 506
EP - 530
JO - Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology
JF - Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology
SN - 0273-2300
IS - 3
ER -