TY - JOUR
T1 - Autism spectrum disorder from the womb to adulthood
T2 - Suggestions for a paradigm shift
AU - Panisi, Cristina
AU - Guerini, Franca Rosa
AU - Abruzzo, Provvidenza Maria
AU - Balzola, Federico
AU - Biava, Pier Mario
AU - Bolotta, Alessandra
AU - Brunero, Marco
AU - Burgio, Ernesto
AU - Chiara, Alberto
AU - Clerici, Mario
AU - Croce, Luigi
AU - Ferreri, Carla
AU - Giovannini, Niccolò
AU - Ghezzo, Alessandro
AU - Grossi, Enzo
AU - Keller, Roberto
AU - Manzotti, Andrea
AU - Marini, Marina
AU - Migliore, Lucia
AU - Moderato, Lucio
AU - Moscone, Davide
AU - Mussap, Michele
AU - Parmeggiani, Antonia
AU - Pasin, Valentina
AU - Perotti, Monica
AU - Piras, Cristina
AU - Saresella, Marina
AU - Stoccoro, Andrea
AU - Toso, Tiziana
AU - Vacca, Rosa Anna
AU - Vagni, David
AU - Vendemmia, Salvatore
AU - Villa, Laura
AU - Politi, Pierluigi
AU - Fanos, Vassilios
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
Copyright:
Copyright 2021 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
PY - 2021/1
Y1 - 2021/1
N2 - The wide spectrum of unique needs and strengths of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) is a challenge for the worldwide healthcare system. With the plethora of information from research, a common thread is required to conceptualize an exhaustive pathogenetic paradigm. The epidemiologi-cal and clinical findings in ASD cannot be explained by the traditional linear genetic model, hence the need to move towards a more fluid conception, integrating genetics, environment, and epigenetics as a whole. The embryo-fetal period and the first two years of life (the so-called ‘First 1000 Days’) are the crucial time window for neurodevelopment. In particular, the interplay and the vicious loop between immune activation, gut dysbiosis, and mitochondrial impairment/oxidative stress significantly affects neurodevelopment during pregnancy and undermines the health of ASD people throughout life. Consequently, the most effective intervention in ASD is expected by primary prevention aimed at pregnancy and at early control of the main effector molecular pathways. We will reason here on a comprehensive and exhaustive pathogenetic paradigm in ASD, viewed not just as a theoretical issue, but as a tool to provide suggestions for effective preventive strategies and personalized, dynamic (from womb to adulthood), systemic, and interdisciplinary healthcare approach.
AB - The wide spectrum of unique needs and strengths of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) is a challenge for the worldwide healthcare system. With the plethora of information from research, a common thread is required to conceptualize an exhaustive pathogenetic paradigm. The epidemiologi-cal and clinical findings in ASD cannot be explained by the traditional linear genetic model, hence the need to move towards a more fluid conception, integrating genetics, environment, and epigenetics as a whole. The embryo-fetal period and the first two years of life (the so-called ‘First 1000 Days’) are the crucial time window for neurodevelopment. In particular, the interplay and the vicious loop between immune activation, gut dysbiosis, and mitochondrial impairment/oxidative stress significantly affects neurodevelopment during pregnancy and undermines the health of ASD people throughout life. Consequently, the most effective intervention in ASD is expected by primary prevention aimed at pregnancy and at early control of the main effector molecular pathways. We will reason here on a comprehensive and exhaustive pathogenetic paradigm in ASD, viewed not just as a theoretical issue, but as a tool to provide suggestions for effective preventive strategies and personalized, dynamic (from womb to adulthood), systemic, and interdisciplinary healthcare approach.
KW - Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
KW - Epigenetics
KW - Gut dysbiosis
KW - Immune activation
KW - Machine learning
KW - Metabolomics
KW - Mitochondrial impairment
KW - Oxidative stress
KW - Pathogenesis
KW - Prevention
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U2 - 10.3390/jpm11020070
DO - 10.3390/jpm11020070
M3 - Review article
AN - SCOPUS:85100501115
VL - 11
SP - 1
EP - 32
JO - Journal of Personalized Medicine
JF - Journal of Personalized Medicine
SN - 2075-4426
IS - 2
M1 - 70
ER -