TY - JOUR
T1 - Calcium and vitamin D supplementation. Myths and realities with regard to cardiovascular risk
AU - Muscogiuri, Giovanna
AU - Barrea, Luigi
AU - Altieri, Barbara
AU - Di Somma, Carolina
AU - Bhattoa, Harjit Pal
AU - Laudisio, Daniela
AU - Duval, Guillaume T.
AU - Pugliese, Gabriella
AU - Annweiler, Cédric
AU - Orio, Francesco
AU - Fakhouri, Hana
AU - Savastano, Silvia
AU - Colao, Annamaria
PY - 2019/1/1
Y1 - 2019/1/1
N2 - Vitamin D and calcium are considered crucial for the treatment of bone diseases. Both vitamin D and calcium contribute to bone homeostasis but also preserve muscle health by reducing the risk of falls and fractures. Low vitamin D concentrations result in secondary hyperparathyroidism and contribute to bone loss, although the development of secondary hyperparathyroidism varies, even in patients with severe vitamin D deficiency. Findings from observational studies have shown controversial results regarding the association between bone mineral density and vitamin D/calcium status, thus sparking a debate regarding optimum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and calcium for the best possible skeletal health. Although most of the intervention studies reported a positive effect of supplementation with calcium and vitamin D on bone in patients with osteoporosis, this therapeutic approach has been a matter of debate regarding potential side effects on the cardiovascular (CV) system. Thus, the aim of this review is to consider the current evidence on the physiological role of vitamin D and calcium on bone and muscle health. Moreover, we provide an overview on observational and interventional studies that investigate the effect of vitamin D and calcium supplementation on bone health, also taking into account the possible CV side-effects. We also provide molecular insights on the effect of calcium plus vitamin D on the CV system.
AB - Vitamin D and calcium are considered crucial for the treatment of bone diseases. Both vitamin D and calcium contribute to bone homeostasis but also preserve muscle health by reducing the risk of falls and fractures. Low vitamin D concentrations result in secondary hyperparathyroidism and contribute to bone loss, although the development of secondary hyperparathyroidism varies, even in patients with severe vitamin D deficiency. Findings from observational studies have shown controversial results regarding the association between bone mineral density and vitamin D/calcium status, thus sparking a debate regarding optimum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and calcium for the best possible skeletal health. Although most of the intervention studies reported a positive effect of supplementation with calcium and vitamin D on bone in patients with osteoporosis, this therapeutic approach has been a matter of debate regarding potential side effects on the cardiovascular (CV) system. Thus, the aim of this review is to consider the current evidence on the physiological role of vitamin D and calcium on bone and muscle health. Moreover, we provide an overview on observational and interventional studies that investigate the effect of vitamin D and calcium supplementation on bone health, also taking into account the possible CV side-effects. We also provide molecular insights on the effect of calcium plus vitamin D on the CV system.
KW - Bone health
KW - Calcium
KW - Cardiovascular system
KW - Myocardial infarction
KW - Stroke
KW - Vitamin D
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U2 - 10.2174/1570161117666190408165805
DO - 10.2174/1570161117666190408165805
M3 - Review article
C2 - 30963976
AN - SCOPUS:85069541294
VL - 17
SP - 610
EP - 617
JO - Current Vascular Pharmacology
JF - Current Vascular Pharmacology
SN - 1570-1611
IS - 6
ER -