Diagnostic implications of L1, p16, and Ki-67 proteins and HPV DNA in low-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

The expressions of p16, Ki-67, and L1 proteins and human papillomavirus DNA were investigated using polymerase chain reaction (HPV/PCR) and catalyzed signal-amplified colorimetric DNA in situ hybridization (CSAC/ISH) as potential molecular markers for the diagnosis and transforming potential of low cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN1). Ki-67 and p16 protein expression increased linearly from control cases to more dysplastic cases (CIN1, CIN2, and CIN3), peaking in squamous cell carcinoma cases (P-p16 ⁺, L1 ⁺p16 ^-, L1 ^-p16 ^-, and L1 ⁺p16 ⁺, and the immunohistochemical results were combined with HPV/PCR, L1/PCR, and high-risk E6/E7 genome and CSAC/ISH data. Malignant transformation correlated with L1 ^-p16 ⁺ patients (100% of CIN2, CIN3, and squamous cell carcinoma cases) and was evident in approximately 23% of CIN1 cases. In addition, the presence of HPV/DNA ⁺ was evident in 52% of CIN1 cases, and within the L1 ^-p16 ⁺ group. In 4 of 7 cases, the high-risk E6/E7 HPV genome was present and in 1 case it was integrated into the host DNA, as confirmed using CSAC/ISH. In patients with CIN1, investigating the presence of HPV/DNA using PCR and the presence of the high-risk E6/E7 genome is necessary to distinguish high-risk oncogenic patient groups from low-risk groups. This study highlights the importance of combining immunohistochemical analysis with HPV/PCR and CSAC/ISH to identify patients with CIN1 with a risk of neoplastic progression.