TY - JOUR
T1 - Emerging PD-1/PD-L1 antagonists for the treatment of malignant melanoma
AU - Vanella, Vito
AU - Festino, Lucia
AU - Vitale, Maria Grazia
AU - Alfano, Benedetta
AU - Ascierto, Paolo Antonio
N1 - Funding Information:
V Vanella and L Festino have disclosed a relationship with MSD and Novartis. PA Ascierto has disclosed a relationship with Bristol Myers Squibb, Roche-Genentech, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, Array, Merck Serono, Pierre-Fabre, Incyte, Medimmune, AstraZeneca, Syndax, Sun Pharma, Sanofi, Indera, Ultimovacs, Sandoz, Immunocore,4SC, Alkermes, Italfamaco, Nektar, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Eisai, Regeneron, Daiichi Sankyo, Pfizer, Oncosec. PA Ascierto also received research funding from Bristol Myers Squibb, Roche-Genentech, Array, Sanofi, and travel support from MSD. The authors have no other relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript apart from those disclosed.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
PY - 2021
Y1 - 2021
N2 - Introduction: Increased understanding of the interactive mechanisms between tumors and the immune system led to the development of immune checkpoint inhibitors, which have revolutioned the treatment of metastatic melanoma and subsequently many other tumors. In 2014, nivolumab and pembrolizumab, two checkpoint inhibitors binding to PD-1, were approved for the treatment of metastatic melanoma. Since then, a plethora of new molecules have enriched the armamentarium against melanoma. Areas covered: This review summarizes the last updates about treatment with nivolumab and pembrolizumab, data on other PD-1/PDL-1 agents such as spartalizumab and atezolizumab and emerging compounds, new combinations with NKTR-214, anti LAG-3, anti IDO-1 and TVEC, new checkpoint inhibitors (e.g. TIM-3 or TIGIT) and other new molecules for the treatment of metastatic melanoma. Expert opinion: Currently, several ongoing clinical trials are investigating novel molecules, or immunotherapy combinations, in order to achieve even better survival outcomes for patients, overcoming resistance mechanisms and improving toxicity profiles. The challenge in the near future will be to select the most appropriate treatments according to the specific characteristics of the patients.
AB - Introduction: Increased understanding of the interactive mechanisms between tumors and the immune system led to the development of immune checkpoint inhibitors, which have revolutioned the treatment of metastatic melanoma and subsequently many other tumors. In 2014, nivolumab and pembrolizumab, two checkpoint inhibitors binding to PD-1, were approved for the treatment of metastatic melanoma. Since then, a plethora of new molecules have enriched the armamentarium against melanoma. Areas covered: This review summarizes the last updates about treatment with nivolumab and pembrolizumab, data on other PD-1/PDL-1 agents such as spartalizumab and atezolizumab and emerging compounds, new combinations with NKTR-214, anti LAG-3, anti IDO-1 and TVEC, new checkpoint inhibitors (e.g. TIM-3 or TIGIT) and other new molecules for the treatment of metastatic melanoma. Expert opinion: Currently, several ongoing clinical trials are investigating novel molecules, or immunotherapy combinations, in order to achieve even better survival outcomes for patients, overcoming resistance mechanisms and improving toxicity profiles. The challenge in the near future will be to select the most appropriate treatments according to the specific characteristics of the patients.
KW - atezolizumab
KW - ido-1
KW - lag-3
KW - nktr-214
KW - PD-1
KW - pd-L1
KW - spartalizumab
KW - tigit
KW - tim-3
KW - tvec
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U2 - 10.1080/14728214.2021.1901884
DO - 10.1080/14728214.2021.1901884
M3 - Review article
C2 - 33686894
AN - SCOPUS:85103182760
JO - Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs
JF - Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs
SN - 1472-8214
ER -