@article{d8551671ca254007b6de310c942eac4c,
title = "Epidemic and pandemic viral infections: Impact on tuberculosis and the lung: European Respiratory Journal",
abstract = "Major epidemics, including some that qualify as pandemics, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), HIV, influenza A (H1N1)pdm/09 and most recently COVID-19, affect the lung. Tuberculosis (TB) remains the top infectious disease killer, but apart from syndemic TB/HIV little is known regarding the interaction of viral epidemics and pandemics with TB. The aim of this consensus-based document is to describe the effects of viral infections resulting in epidemics and pandemics that affect the lung (MERS, SARS, HIV, influenza A (H1N1)pdm/09 and COVID-19) and their interactions with TB. A search of the scientific literature was performed. A writing committee of international experts including the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control Public Health Emergency (ECDC PHE) team, the World Association for Infectious Diseases and Immunological Disorders (WAidid), the Global Tuberculosis Network (GTN), and members of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) Study Group for Mycobacterial Infections (ESGMYC) was established. Consensus was achieved after multiple rounds of revisions between the writing committee and a larger expert group. A Delphi process involving the core group of authors (excluding the ECDC PHE team) identified the areas requiring review/consensus, followed by a second round to refine the definitive consensus elements. The epidemiology and immunology of these viral infections and their interactions with TB are discussed with implications for diagnosis, treatment and prevention of airborne infections (infection control, viral containment and workplace safety). This consensus document represents a rapid and comprehensive summary on what is known on the topic. {\textcopyright}ERS 2020.",
keywords = "anakinra, antivirus agent, azithromycin, azvudine, baloxavir marboxil, baricitinib, chloroquine, favipiravir, hydroxychloroquine, immunomodulating agent, interferon, lopinavir plus ritonavir, nitazoxanide, remdesivir, ribavirin, steroid, tocilizumab, umifenovir, unclassified drug, BCG vaccine, adult respiratory distress syndrome, airborne infection, BCG vaccination, coronavirus disease 2019, coughing, Delphi study, drug interaction, epidemic, epidemiological data, fever, health program, health service, human, Human immunodeficiency virus infection, infection control, infection prevention, influenza A (H1N1), lung tuberculosis, meningitis, Middle East respiratory syndrome, nonhuman, occupational safety, pandemic, priority journal, prisoner, Review, sensitivity and specificity, severe acute respiratory syndrome, social distancing, tuberculosis, vulnerable population, Betacoronavirus, consensus development, Coronavirus infection, immunology, influenza, Influenza A virus (H1N1), lung, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, public health, respiratory tract infection, virus infection, virus pneumonia, BCG Vaccine, Coronavirus Infections, Epidemics, HIV Infections, Humans, Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype, Influenza, Human, Lung, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus, Pandemics, Pneumonia, Viral, Public Health, Respiratory Tract Infections, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, Tuberculosis, Virus Diseases",
author = "C.W.M. Ong and G.B. Migliori and M. Raviglione and G. MacGregor-Skinner and G. Sotgiu and J.-W. Alffenaar and S. Tiberi and C. Adlhoch and T. Alonzi and S. Archuleta and S. Brusin and E. Cambau and M.R. Capobianchi and C. Castilletti and R. Centis and D.M. Cirillo and L. D'Ambrosio and G. Delogu and S.M.R. Esposito and J. Figueroa and J.S. Friedland and B.C.H. Ho and G. Ippolito and M. Jankovic and H.Y. Kim and S.R. Klintz and C. K{\"o}dm{\"o}n and E. Lalle and Y.S. Leo and C.-C. Leung and A.-G. M{\"a}rtson and M.G. Melazzini and S.N. Fard and P. Penttinen and L. Petrone and E. Petruccioli and E. Pontali and L. Saderi and M. Santin and A. Spanevello and {Van Crevel}, R. and {Van der Werf}, M.J. and D. Visca and M. Viveiros and J.-P. Zellweger and A. Zumla and D. Goletti",
note = "Cited By :25 Export Date: 11 March 2021 CODEN: ERJOE Correspondence Address: Migliori, G.B.; Translational Research Unit, Via Portuense 292, Italy; email: giovannibattista.migliori@icsmaugeri.it Correspondence Address: Goletti, D.; Servizio di Epidemiologia Clinica delle Malattie Respiratorie, Via Roncaccio 16, Italy; email: delia.goletti@inmi.it Chemicals/CAS: anakinra, 143090-92-0; azithromycin, 83905-01-5, 117772-70-0, 121470-24-4; baloxavir marboxil, 1985606-14-1; baricitinib, 1187594-09-7; chloroquine, 132-73-0, 3545-67-3, 50-63-5, 54-05-7; favipiravir, 259793-96-9; hydroxychloroquine, 118-42-3, 525-31-5; nitazoxanide, 55981-09-4; remdesivir, 1809249-37-3; ribavirin, 36791-04-5; tocilizumab, 375823-41-9; umifenovir, 131707-23-8, 131707-25-0; BCG Vaccine Tradenames: kaletra Funding details: CSAINV17nov014, NMRC/TA/0042/2015 Funding details: National Foundation for Infectious Diseases, NFID, STPRG-FY19-003 Funding details: Horizon 2020 Framework Programme, H2020 Funding details: H2020 Marie Sk{\l}odowska-Curie Actions, MSCA, 713660–PRONKJEWAIL–H2020-MSCA-COFUND-2015 Funding details: European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership, EDCTP Funding details: National University Health System, NUHS, CFGFY18P11, NUHS/RO/2017/092/SU/01, NUHS/RO/2020/042/RO5+5/ad-hoc/1 Funding text 1: Support statement: A. Zumla is a co-Principal Investigator of the Pan-African Network on Emerging and Re-Emerging Infections (PANDORA-IDNET) funded by the European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership the EU Horizon 2020 Framework Programme for Research and Innovation; and is also in receipt of a National Institutes of Health Research senior investigator award. C.W.M. Ong is funded by Singapore National Medical Research Council (NMRC/TA/0042/2015, CSAINV17nov014); National University Health System, Singapore (NUHS/RO/2017/092/SU/01, CFGFY18P11, NUHS/RO/2020/042/RO5+5/ad-hoc/1); National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore (STPRG-FY19-003); and is recipient of the Young Investigator Award, Institut Merieux, Lyon, France. A-G. M{\"a}rtson was funded by Marie Sk{\l}odowska-Curie Actions, grant agreement number 713660–PRONKJEWAIL–H2020-MSCA-COFUND-2015. The article is part of the activities of the Global Tuberculosis Network (GTN) and of the WHO Collaborating Centre for Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Tradate (ITA-80, 2017-2020-GBM/RC/LDA). Part of the work was supported by the Italian Ministry of Health, Ricerca Corrente (Linea 1 and Linea 4). Funding information for this article has been deposited with the Crossref Funder Registry.",
year = "2020",
doi = "10.1183/13993003.01727-2020",
language = "English",
volume = "56",
journal = "Eur. Respir. J.",
issn = "0903-1936",
publisher = "European Respiratory Society",
number = "4",
}