Experimental Methods for the Immunological Characterization of Paradoxical Psoriasis Reactions Induced by TNF-α Biologics

Immunomodulation with anti-TNFα biologics is highly effective in the treatment of various immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, even though 2–5% of patients treated can develop paradoxical psoriasiform skin lesions. We recently analyzed three patients affected by severe hidradenite suppurativa (HS), and who developed paradoxical psoriasiform reactions following treatment with the TNF-α blockers. Psoriasiform skin reactions showed immunological and immunohistochemical features common to acute psoriasis, characterized by cellular players of innate immunity, such as plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC), neutrophils, mast cells, macrophages, and monocytes. In addition, IFN-β and IFN-α2a, two type I IFNs typical of early psoriasis, were highly expressed in paradoxical skin reactions. Concomitantly, the lymphotoxin (LT)-α and LT-β were overproduced. Detection of innate immunity cells was carried out on skin sections from HS patients, by immunohistochemistry (IHC) by using antibodies (Abs) against markers identifying specific leukocyte subpopulations. Anti-BDCA2, anti-CD15, anti-CD117, anti-CD68, anti-CD11c, and anti-CD3 Abs were employed to detect pDC, neutrophils, mast cells, macrophages, monocytes/dendritic cells, and T lymphocytes, respectively. In parallel, skin expression of the innate immunity soluble mediators IL-36γ, IFN-β, IFN-κ, LT-α and LT-β was also evaluated by IHC by using specific Abs. In this chapter, we describe the methods and protocols to detect the in situ expression and localization of innate immunity molecules and leukocyte subpopulations in skin lesions where inflammatory and psoriasiform reactions are evoked by anti-TNF- α biological therapy.