Highly active antiretroviral therapy and allogeneic CD34+ peripheral blood progenitor cells transplantation in an HIV/HCV coinfected patient with acute myeloid leukemia

Objective. To evaluate the safety, feasibility, and efficacy of allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) for acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) in a young female coinfected by HIV and HCV undergoing highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Patient and Methods. A 33-year-old female HIV⁺, HCV⁺ in complete remission after standard chemotherapy was submitted to CD34⁺ selected allogeneic transplantation from her HLA-identical HIV^- brother after myeloablative regimen. HAART was started before transplantation, achieving a reduction of HIV load to undetectable levels. GVHD prophylaxis was carried out with cyclosporine A alone. Results. The patient achieved prompt and durable engraftment with acute GVHD grade II easily managed with steroids; CMV prophylaxis was prolonged, no clinically relevant infectious complications developed early after transplantation and during follow-up. HIV viremia was controlled by HAART although medication adherence was reduced early after transplantation and required drug adjustment. There was a gradual recovery of immune cells with normal CD4-cell count 39 months after engraftment, a significantly higher level than before transplantation. At 39 months posttranplantation follow-up the patient is alive and in continuous complete remission with undetectable levels of plasma HIV RNA on HAART. Conclusion. The introduction of HAART has recently changed the paradigm of AIDS, allowing the control of HIV replication, the reduction of opportunistic infections, and the overall improvement of survival. One may therefore reconsider the current exclusion of patients with AIDS and a concomitant lethal malignancy from programs of high-dose chemotherapy and stem cell transplation, as suggested by this report.