Investigation of negative BOLD responses in human brain through NIRS technique. A visual stimulation study

Despite negative blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) responses to visual stimuli have recently gained considerable interest, the explanation for their underlying neuronal and vascular mechanisms is still controversial. In the present study, a multimodal experimental approach is presented to shed light on the negative BOLD phenomenon in the human brain. In particular, information from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was integrated to confirm and gain insight into the phenomenon of negative BOLD responses (NBRs) to unpatterned intermittent photic stimulation (IPS) in healthy subjects. Eight healthy subjects participated in the study. Consistent findings emerged from the activation analysis of fMRI and NIRS data and the comparison of BOLD and hemoglobin responses at the single channel level showed that NBRs are related to a decrease in oxyhemoglobin (HbO) combined with a lower increase in deoxyhemoglobin (HHb), corresponding to a decrease in total hemoglobin (THb) and estimated cerebral blood volume (CBV). The HbO and HHb variations were significant in at least one channel in six subjects out of eight (p.