TY - JOUR
T1 - Magnetic resonance imaging markers for early diagnosis of Parkinson's disease
AU - Marino, Silvia
AU - Ciurleo, Rosella
AU - di Lorenzo, Giuseppe
AU - Barresi, Marina
AU - de Salvo, Simona
AU - Giacoppo, Sabrina
AU - Bramanti, Alessia
AU - Lanzafame, Pietro
AU - Bramanti, Placido
PY - 2012/3
Y1 - 2012/3
N2 - Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by selective and progressive degeneration, as well as loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. In PD, approximately 60-70% of nigrostriatal neurons are degenerated and 80% of content of the striatal dopamine is reduced before the diagnosis can be established according to widely accepted clinical diagnostic criteria. This condition describes a stage of disease called "prodromal", where non-motor symptoms, such as olfactory dysfunction, constipation, rapid eye movement behaviour disorder, depression, precede motor sign of PD. Detection of prodromal phase of PD is becoming an important goal for determining the prognosis and choosing a suitable treatment strategy. In this review, we present some non-invasive instrumental approaches that could be useful to identify patients in the prodromal phase of PD or in an early clinical phase, when the first motor symptoms begin to be apparent. Conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and advanced MRI techniques, such as magnetic resonance spectroscopy imaging, diffusion-weighted and diffusion tensor imaging and functional MRI, are useful to differentiate early PD with initial motor symptoms from atypical parkinsonian disorders, thus, making easier early diagnosis. Functional MRI and diffusion tensor imaging techniques can show abnormalities in the olfactory system in prodromal PD.
AB - Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by selective and progressive degeneration, as well as loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. In PD, approximately 60-70% of nigrostriatal neurons are degenerated and 80% of content of the striatal dopamine is reduced before the diagnosis can be established according to widely accepted clinical diagnostic criteria. This condition describes a stage of disease called "prodromal", where non-motor symptoms, such as olfactory dysfunction, constipation, rapid eye movement behaviour disorder, depression, precede motor sign of PD. Detection of prodromal phase of PD is becoming an important goal for determining the prognosis and choosing a suitable treatment strategy. In this review, we present some non-invasive instrumental approaches that could be useful to identify patients in the prodromal phase of PD or in an early clinical phase, when the first motor symptoms begin to be apparent. Conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and advanced MRI techniques, such as magnetic resonance spectroscopy imaging, diffusion-weighted and diffusion tensor imaging and functional MRI, are useful to differentiate early PD with initial motor symptoms from atypical parkinsonian disorders, thus, making easier early diagnosis. Functional MRI and diffusion tensor imaging techniques can show abnormalities in the olfactory system in prodromal PD.
KW - Conventional magnetic resonance imaging
KW - Diffusion tensor imaging
KW - Diffusion-weighted imaging
KW - Early diagnosis
KW - Functional magnetic resonance imaging
KW - Magnetic resonance spectroscopy
KW - Olfactory dysfunction
KW - Parkinson's disease
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UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=84859168471&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2012.08.009
DO - 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2012.08.009
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:84859168471
VL - 7
SP - 611
EP - 619
JO - Neural Regeneration Research
JF - Neural Regeneration Research
SN - 1673-5374
IS - 8
ER -