TY - JOUR
T1 - Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic evaluation of linezolid in hospitalized paediatric patients
T2 - A step toward dose optimization by means of therapeutic drug monitoring and Monte Carlo simulation
AU - Cojutti, Piergiorgio
AU - Maximova, Natalia
AU - Crichiutti, Giovanni
AU - Isola, Miriam
AU - Pea, Federico
PY - 2015/1/1
Y1 - 2015/1/1
N2 - Objectives: To report on linezolid exposure in a paediatric population who routinely underwent therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) for dosage optimization and to assess the factors affecting interpatient variability. Methods: We performed a retrospective study of patients whose plasma Cmin and Cmax levels were measured during linezolid treatment. Adequate exposure was defined as a Cmin of 2-7 mg/L and/or an estimated AUC24 of 160-300 mg·h/L. Patients were divided into two subgroups (Group 1, 2-11 years; Group 2, 12-18 years). Monte Carlo simulation was performed to investigate whether or not the currently recommended dosages might enable a high probability of target attainment (PTA) of two thresholds for linezolid efficacy (AUC24/MIC ≥ 80 or ≥ 100). Data on demographic characteristics, disease, microbiology and haematochemical parameters and outcomes were collected. Results: A total of 23 patients were included. Standard dosages were suboptimal in 50.0% and 44.4% of patients in Group 1 and Group 2, respectively. Among those who underwent multiple instances of TDM, the dosages were increased in 33.3% of cases in both groups, and decreased in 6.6% and 9.5% of cases in Group 1 and Group 2, respectively. Co-treatment with phenobarbital, proton pump inhibitors and amiodarone accounted for most of the variability in Cmin (adjusted R2 of 0.692). Simulations showed a PTA of ≥90% with the current dosing regimens in both groups only for pathogens with an MIC ≤1 mg/L. Conclusions: Higher dosages of linezolid may be needed, especially in Group 1 when in the presence of pathogens with an MIC >1 mg/L. The role of TDM should be encouraged for optimization of linezolid exposure in the paediatric setting in the presence of infections caused by pathogens with borderline susceptibility and/or for patients co-treated with drugs that may alter linezolid exposure.
AB - Objectives: To report on linezolid exposure in a paediatric population who routinely underwent therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) for dosage optimization and to assess the factors affecting interpatient variability. Methods: We performed a retrospective study of patients whose plasma Cmin and Cmax levels were measured during linezolid treatment. Adequate exposure was defined as a Cmin of 2-7 mg/L and/or an estimated AUC24 of 160-300 mg·h/L. Patients were divided into two subgroups (Group 1, 2-11 years; Group 2, 12-18 years). Monte Carlo simulation was performed to investigate whether or not the currently recommended dosages might enable a high probability of target attainment (PTA) of two thresholds for linezolid efficacy (AUC24/MIC ≥ 80 or ≥ 100). Data on demographic characteristics, disease, microbiology and haematochemical parameters and outcomes were collected. Results: A total of 23 patients were included. Standard dosages were suboptimal in 50.0% and 44.4% of patients in Group 1 and Group 2, respectively. Among those who underwent multiple instances of TDM, the dosages were increased in 33.3% of cases in both groups, and decreased in 6.6% and 9.5% of cases in Group 1 and Group 2, respectively. Co-treatment with phenobarbital, proton pump inhibitors and amiodarone accounted for most of the variability in Cmin (adjusted R2 of 0.692). Simulations showed a PTA of ≥90% with the current dosing regimens in both groups only for pathogens with an MIC ≤1 mg/L. Conclusions: Higher dosages of linezolid may be needed, especially in Group 1 when in the presence of pathogens with an MIC >1 mg/L. The role of TDM should be encouraged for optimization of linezolid exposure in the paediatric setting in the presence of infections caused by pathogens with borderline susceptibility and/or for patients co-treated with drugs that may alter linezolid exposure.
KW - Drug interactions
KW - Drug underexposure
KW - MDR staphylococci
KW - Oxazolidinones
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84928344537&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=84928344537&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1093/jac/dku337
DO - 10.1093/jac/dku337
M3 - Article
C2 - 25182066
AN - SCOPUS:84928344537
VL - 70
SP - 198
EP - 206
JO - Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
JF - Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
SN - 0305-7453
IS - 1
M1 - dku337
ER -