TY - JOUR
T1 - Physical exercise and alzheimer’s disease
T2 - Effects on pathophysiological molecular pathways of the disease
AU - López-Ortiz, Susana
AU - Pinto-Fraga, Jose
AU - Valenzuela, Pedro L.
AU - Martín-Hernández, Juan
AU - Seisdedos, María M.
AU - García-López, Oscar
AU - Toschi, Nicola
AU - Di Giuliano, Francesca
AU - Garaci, Francesco
AU - Mercuri, Nicola Biagio
AU - Nisticò, Robert
AU - Emanuele, Enzo
AU - Lista, Simone
AU - Lucia, Alejandro
AU - Santos-Lozano, Alejandro
N1 - Funding Information:
Research by S.L.-O. is funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (grant number FPU19/02117). A.L. is funded by grants from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and Fondos FEDER (Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias [FIS], grant numbers PI15/00558 and PI18/00139).
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
Copyright:
Copyright 2021 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
PY - 2021/3/2
Y1 - 2021/3/2
N2 - Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common form of neurodegenerative dementia in adults worldwide, is a multifactorial and heterogeneous disorder characterized by the interaction of genetic and epigenetic factors and the dysregulation of numerous intracellular signaling and cel-lular/molecular pathways. The introduction of the systems biology framework is revolutionizing the study of complex diseases by allowing the identification and integration of cellular/molecular pathways and networks of interaction. Here, we reviewed the relationship between physical activity and the next pathophysiological processes involved in the risk of developing AD, based on some crucial molecular pathways and biological process dysregulated in AD: (1) Immune system and inflammation; (2) Endothelial function and cerebrovascular insufficiency; (3) Apoptosis and cell death; (4) Intercellular communication; (5) Metabolism, oxidative stress and neurotoxicity; (6) DNA damage and repair; (7) Cytoskeleton and membrane proteins; (8) Synaptic plasticity. Moreover, we highlighted the increasingly relevant role played by advanced neuroimaging technologies, including structural/functional magnetic resonance imaging, diffusion tensor imaging, and arterial spin labelling, in exploring the link between AD and physical exercise. Regular physical exercise seems to have a protective effect against AD by inhibiting different pathophysiological molecular pathways implicated in AD.
AB - Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common form of neurodegenerative dementia in adults worldwide, is a multifactorial and heterogeneous disorder characterized by the interaction of genetic and epigenetic factors and the dysregulation of numerous intracellular signaling and cel-lular/molecular pathways. The introduction of the systems biology framework is revolutionizing the study of complex diseases by allowing the identification and integration of cellular/molecular pathways and networks of interaction. Here, we reviewed the relationship between physical activity and the next pathophysiological processes involved in the risk of developing AD, based on some crucial molecular pathways and biological process dysregulated in AD: (1) Immune system and inflammation; (2) Endothelial function and cerebrovascular insufficiency; (3) Apoptosis and cell death; (4) Intercellular communication; (5) Metabolism, oxidative stress and neurotoxicity; (6) DNA damage and repair; (7) Cytoskeleton and membrane proteins; (8) Synaptic plasticity. Moreover, we highlighted the increasingly relevant role played by advanced neuroimaging technologies, including structural/functional magnetic resonance imaging, diffusion tensor imaging, and arterial spin labelling, in exploring the link between AD and physical exercise. Regular physical exercise seems to have a protective effect against AD by inhibiting different pathophysiological molecular pathways implicated in AD.
KW - Alzheimer’s disease
KW - Amyloid-β peptide
KW - Molecular pathways
KW - Physical exercise
KW - Tau protein
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U2 - 10.3390/ijms22062897
DO - 10.3390/ijms22062897
M3 - Review article
AN - SCOPUS:85102210832
VL - 22
SP - 1
EP - 29
JO - International Journal of Molecular Sciences
JF - International Journal of Molecular Sciences
SN - 1661-6596
IS - 6
M1 - 2897
ER -