Abstract
Oxygen and nitrogen radicals are frequently produced during viral infections. These radicals are not only a physiological mechanism for pathogen clearance but also result in many pathological consequences. Low concentrations of radicals can promote viral replication; however, high concentrations of radicals can also inhibit viral replication and are detrimental to the cell due to their mitogenic activity. We reviewed the detailed mechanisms behind oxygen and nitrogen radical production and focused on how viruses induce radical production. In addition, we examined the effects of oxygen and nitrogen radicals on both the virus and host. We also reviewed enzymatic and chemical detoxification mechanisms and recent advances in therapeutic antioxidant applications. Many molecules that modulate the redox balance have yielded promising results in cell and animal models of infection. This encourages their use in clinical practice either alone or with existing therapies. However, since the redox balance also plays an important role in host defence against pathogens, carefully designed clinical trials are needed to assess the therapeutic benefits and secondary effects of these molecules and whether these effects differ between different types of viral infections.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Pages (from-to) | 1163-1169 |
| Number of pages | 7 |
| Journal | Free Radical Research |
| Volume | 48 |
| Issue number | 10 |
| DOIs | |
| Publication status | Published - Oct 1 2014 |
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Keywords
- antioxidant
- inducible nitric oxide synthase
- nitric oxide
- oxidation
- reactive oxygen species
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Medicine(all)
Cite this
Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species during viral infections. / Molteni, C. G.; Principi, N.; Esposito, S.
In: Free Radical Research, Vol. 48, No. 10, 01.10.2014, p. 1163-1169.Research output: Contribution to journal › Article
}
TY - JOUR
T1 - Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species during viral infections
AU - Molteni, C. G.
AU - Principi, N.
AU - Esposito, S.
PY - 2014/10/1
Y1 - 2014/10/1
N2 - Oxygen and nitrogen radicals are frequently produced during viral infections. These radicals are not only a physiological mechanism for pathogen clearance but also result in many pathological consequences. Low concentrations of radicals can promote viral replication; however, high concentrations of radicals can also inhibit viral replication and are detrimental to the cell due to their mitogenic activity. We reviewed the detailed mechanisms behind oxygen and nitrogen radical production and focused on how viruses induce radical production. In addition, we examined the effects of oxygen and nitrogen radicals on both the virus and host. We also reviewed enzymatic and chemical detoxification mechanisms and recent advances in therapeutic antioxidant applications. Many molecules that modulate the redox balance have yielded promising results in cell and animal models of infection. This encourages their use in clinical practice either alone or with existing therapies. However, since the redox balance also plays an important role in host defence against pathogens, carefully designed clinical trials are needed to assess the therapeutic benefits and secondary effects of these molecules and whether these effects differ between different types of viral infections.
AB - Oxygen and nitrogen radicals are frequently produced during viral infections. These radicals are not only a physiological mechanism for pathogen clearance but also result in many pathological consequences. Low concentrations of radicals can promote viral replication; however, high concentrations of radicals can also inhibit viral replication and are detrimental to the cell due to their mitogenic activity. We reviewed the detailed mechanisms behind oxygen and nitrogen radical production and focused on how viruses induce radical production. In addition, we examined the effects of oxygen and nitrogen radicals on both the virus and host. We also reviewed enzymatic and chemical detoxification mechanisms and recent advances in therapeutic antioxidant applications. Many molecules that modulate the redox balance have yielded promising results in cell and animal models of infection. This encourages their use in clinical practice either alone or with existing therapies. However, since the redox balance also plays an important role in host defence against pathogens, carefully designed clinical trials are needed to assess the therapeutic benefits and secondary effects of these molecules and whether these effects differ between different types of viral infections.
KW - antioxidant
KW - inducible nitric oxide synthase
KW - nitric oxide
KW - oxidation
KW - reactive oxygen species
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84929995990&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=84929995990&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3109/10715762.2014.945443
DO - 10.3109/10715762.2014.945443
M3 - Article
VL - 48
SP - 1163
EP - 1169
JO - Free Radical Research
JF - Free Radical Research
SN - 1071-5762
IS - 10
ER -