TY - JOUR
T1 - Robust and persistent b-and t-cell responses after covid-19 in immunocompetent and solid organ transplant recipient patients
AU - Zavaglio, Federica
AU - Frangipane, Vanessa
AU - Morosini, Monica
AU - Gabanti, Elisa
AU - Zelini, Paola
AU - Sammartino, Josè Camilla
AU - Ferrari, Alessandro
AU - Gregorini, Marilena
AU - Rampino, Teresa
AU - Asti, Annalia
AU - Seminari, Elena
AU - Di Matteo, Angela
AU - Cattadori, Barbara
AU - Pellegrini, Carlo
AU - Tonello, Stelvio
AU - Mallela, Venkata Ramana
AU - Minisini, Rosalba
AU - Rizzi, Manuela
AU - Sainaghi, Pier Paolo
AU - Meloni, Federica
AU - Lilleri, Daniele
AU - Baldanti, Fausto
N1 - Funding Information:
Funding: This work was supported by Fondazione Cariplo [grant CoVIM, no. Ministero della Salute, Ricerca Finalizzata [grant BIAS no. 2020-12371760].
Funding Information:
This work was supported by Fondazione Cariplo [grant CoVIM, no. 2020-1374] and Ministero della Salute, Ricerca Finalizzata [grant BIAS no. 2020-12371760].
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
PY - 2021/11
Y1 - 2021/11
N2 - The development and persistence of SARS-CoV-2-specific immune response in immunocompetent (IC) and immunocompromised patients is crucial for long-term protection. Immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection was analysed in 57 IC and 15 solid organ transplanted (TX) patients. Antibody responses were determined by ELISA and neutralization assay. T-cell response was determined by stimulation with peptide pools of the Spike, Envelope, Membrane, and Nucleocapsid proteins with a 20-h Activation Induced Marker (AIM) and 7-day lymphoproliferative assays. Antibody response was detected at similar levels in IC and TX patients. Anti-Spike IgG, IgA and neutralizing antibodies persisted for at least one year, while anti-Nucleocapsid IgG declined earlier. Patients with pneumonia developed higher antibody levels than patients with mild symptoms. Similarly, both rapid and proliferative T-cell responses were detected within the first two months after infection at comparable levels in IC and TX patients, and were higher in patients with pneumonia. T-cell response persisted for at least one year in both IC and TX patients. Spike, Membrane, and Nucleocapsid proteins elicited the major CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses, whereas the T-cell response to Envelope protein was negligible. After SARS-CoV-2 infection, antibody and T-cell responses develop rapidly and persist over time in both immunocompetent and transplanted patients.
AB - The development and persistence of SARS-CoV-2-specific immune response in immunocompetent (IC) and immunocompromised patients is crucial for long-term protection. Immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection was analysed in 57 IC and 15 solid organ transplanted (TX) patients. Antibody responses were determined by ELISA and neutralization assay. T-cell response was determined by stimulation with peptide pools of the Spike, Envelope, Membrane, and Nucleocapsid proteins with a 20-h Activation Induced Marker (AIM) and 7-day lymphoproliferative assays. Antibody response was detected at similar levels in IC and TX patients. Anti-Spike IgG, IgA and neutralizing antibodies persisted for at least one year, while anti-Nucleocapsid IgG declined earlier. Patients with pneumonia developed higher antibody levels than patients with mild symptoms. Similarly, both rapid and proliferative T-cell responses were detected within the first two months after infection at comparable levels in IC and TX patients, and were higher in patients with pneumonia. T-cell response persisted for at least one year in both IC and TX patients. Spike, Membrane, and Nucleocapsid proteins elicited the major CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses, whereas the T-cell response to Envelope protein was negligible. After SARS-CoV-2 infection, antibody and T-cell responses develop rapidly and persist over time in both immunocompetent and transplanted patients.
KW - Antibody response
KW - COVID-19
KW - Cytokines
KW - Immunocompetent patients
KW - Membrane protein
KW - Nucleocapsid protein
KW - SARS-CoV-2
KW - Spike protein
KW - T-cell response
KW - Transplanted patients
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85119353319&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85119353319&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3390/v13112261
DO - 10.3390/v13112261
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85119353319
VL - 13
JO - Viruses
JF - Viruses
SN - 1999-4915
IS - 11
M1 - 2261
ER -