Staged pallidotomy: MRI and clinical follow-up in status dystonicus

Purpose: We report on a patient affected by Status Distonicus who was treated with Deep Brain Stimulation electrodes implanted in the Globus Pallidus internus (Gpi) and used for serial radiofrequency lesions. Materials and Methods: The evolution of radiofrequency lesions was monitored by post-operative and late Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). After the first lesion the patient did improve, though not in a significant fashion. Therefore, three further radiofrequency lesions were delivered 2, 4 and 6 days respectively after surgery with subsequent improvement of dystonic movements. Results: MRI scans performed at 8 days, 3 months, and 6 months after surgery showed a diffuse T2-hyperintense and T1-hypointense GPi signal alteration which progressively decreased over time. Conclusion: We confirm that the possibility to stage pallidotomies over time using a couple of new contacts is a safe and efficacious procedure in treating SD patients where the lesions themselves are limited by the appearance of side effects, or in patients showing a poor response to a single lesion. As far as we know, this is the first description of MRI evolution and monitoring of a staged pallidotomy.