Stromal cell-derived factor 1 (CXCL12) induces monocyte migration into human synovium transplanted onto SCID mice

Objective. The mechanisms by which monocyte/macrophage cells migrate to the joint involve a series of integrated adhesion and signaling events in which chemokines and their receptors are strongly implicated. This study was undertaken to investigate the hypothesis that stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1), a CXC chemokine (CXCL12), plays a critical role in monocyte/macrophage localization to synovium. Methods. SDF-1 and CXC receptor 4 (CXCR4) expression in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis synovium and graft SDF-1, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), and human and murine vascular markers were examined by immunohistochemistry and double-immunofluorescence. The functional capacity of SDF-1 to modulate monocyte migration into joints was investigated by examining the localization of promyelomonocytic U937 cells into synovial tissue transplanted into SCID mice. SDF-1, TNFα, or saline was injected into graft sites and response determined by the number of fluorescently labeled U937 cells (injected intravenously) detected in grafts by ultraviolet microscopy. Results. SDF-1 and CXCR4 were highly expressed in CD68+ cells in the RA synovium. SDF-1 induced U937 cell migration in vitro and in vivo in a dose-dependent manner and, in vivo, SDF-1 was more effective than TNFα. In contrast to TNFα, SDF-1 did not induce intracellular adhesion molecule 1 in transplant microvasculature. Furthermore, intragraft injection of SDF-1 did not up-regulate TNFα, or vice versa. Conclusion. This study demonstrates, for the first time, that SDF-1 is functional in vivo when injected into synovial grafts. In addition, SDF-1 is more potent than TNFα, and its mechanisms of action appear to be autonomous. Therefore, SDF-1 may be an important TNF-independent molecule involved in the migration to and retention of inflammatory effector cells in the joint.