Subcortical brain volume, regional cortical thickness, and cortical surface area across disorders: Findings from the ENIGMA ADHD, ASD, and OCD working groups: American Journal of Psychiatry

P.S.W. Boedhoe; D. van Rooij; M. Hoogman; J.W.R. Twisk; L. Schmaal; Y. Abe; P. Alonso; S.H. Ameis; A. Anikin; A. Anticevic; C. Arango; P.D. Arnold; P. Asherson; F. Assogna; G. Auzias; T. Banaschewski; A. Baranov; M.C. Batistuzzo; S. Baumeister; R. Baur-Streubel; M. Behrmann; M.A. Bellgrove; F. Benedetti; J.C. Beucke; J. Biederman; I. Bollettini; A. Bose; J. Bralten; I.E. Bramati; D. Brandeis; S. Brem; B.P. Brennan; G.F. Busatto; S. Calderoni; A. Calvo; R. Calvo; F.X. Castellanos; M. Cercignani; T.M. Chaim-Avancini; K.C. Chantiluke; Y. Cheng; K.I.K. Cho; A. Christakou; D. Coghill; A. Conzelmann; A.I. Cubillo; A.M. Dale; S. Dallaspezia; E. Daly; D. Denys; C. Deruelle; A. Di Martino; I. Dinstein; A.E. Doyle; S. Durston; E.A. Earl; C. Ecker; S. Ehrlich; B.A. Ely; J.N. Epstein; T. Ethofer; D.A. Fair; A.J. Fallgatter; S.V. Faraone; J. Fedor; X. Feng; J.D. Feusner; J. Fitzgerald; K.D. Fitzgerald; J.-P. Fouche; C.M. Freitag; E.A. Fridgeirsson; T. Frodl; M.C. Gabel; L. Gallagher; T. Gogberashvili; I. Gori; P. Gruner; D.A. Gürsel; S. Haar; J. Haavik; G.B. Hall; N.A. Harrison; C.A. Hartman; D.J. Heslenfeld; Y. Hirano; P.J. Hoekstra; M.Q. Hoexter; S. Hohmann; M.F. Høvik; H. Hu; C. Huyser; N. Jahanshad; M. Jalbrzikowski; A. James; J. Janssen; F. Jaspers-Fayer; T.L. Jernigan; D. Kapilushniy; B. Kardatzki; G. Karkashadze; N. Kathmann; C. Kaufmann; C. Kelly; S. Khadka; J.A. King; K. Koch; G. Kohls; K. Konrad; M. Kuno; J. Kuntsi; G. Kvale; J.S. Kwon; L. Lázaro; S. Lera-Miguel; K.-P. Lesch; L. Hoekstra; Y. Liu; C. Lochner; M.R. Louza; B. Luna; A.J. Lundervold; C.B. Malpas; P. Marques; R. Marsh; I. Martínez-Zalacaín; D. Mataix-Cols; P. Mattos; H. McCarthy; J. McGrath; M.A. Mehta; J.M. Menchón; M. Mennes; M.M. Martinho; P.S. Moreira; A. Morer; P. Morgado; F. Muratori; C.M. Murphy; D.G.M. Murphy; A. Nakagawa; T. Nakamae; T. Nakao; L. Namazova-Baranova; J.C. Narayanaswamy; R. Nicolau; J.T. Nigg; S.E. Novotny; E.L. Nurmi; E.O. Weiss; R.L. O'Gorman Tuura; K. O'Hearn; J. O'Neill; J. Oosterlaan; B. Oranje; Y. Paloyelis; M. Parellada; P. Pauli; C. Perriello; J. Piacentini; F. Piras; K.J. Plessen; O. Puig; J. Antoni Ramos-Quiroga; Y.C. Janardhan Reddy; A. Reif; L. Reneman; A. Retico; P.G.P. Rosa; K. Rubia; O.G. Rus; Y. Sakai; A. Schrantee; L. Schwarz; L.J.S. Schweren; J. Seitz; P. Shaw; D. Shook; T.J. Silk; H. Blair Simpson; N. Skokauskas; J.C.S. Vila; A. Solovieva; N. Soreni; C. Soriano-Mas; G. Spalletta; E.R. Stern; M.C. Stevens; S. Evelyn Stewart; G. Sudre; P.R. Szeszko; L. Tamm; M.J. Taylor; D.F. Tolin; M. Tosetti; F. Tovar-Moll; A. Tsuchiyagaito; T.G.M. van Erp; G.A. van Wingen; A. Vance; G. Venkatasubramanian; O. Vilarroya; Y. Vives-Gilabert; G.G. von Polier; S. Walitza; G.L. Wallace; Z. Wang; T. Wolfers; Y.N. Yoncheva; J.-Y. Yun; M.V. Zanetti; F. Zhou; G.C. Ziegler; K.C. Zierhut; M.P. Zwiers; P.M. Thompson; D.J. Stein; J. Buitelaar; B. Franke; O.A. van den Heuvel; ENIGMA ADHD working group; ENIGMA ASD working group; ENIGMA OCD working group

doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.19030331

Subcortical brain volume, regional cortical thickness, and cortical surface area across disorders: Findings from the ENIGMA ADHD, ASD, and OCD working groups: American Journal of Psychiatry

P.S.W. Boedhoe, D. van Rooij, M. Hoogman, J.W.R. Twisk, L. Schmaal, Y. Abe, P. Alonso, S.H. Ameis, A. Anikin, A. Anticevic, C. Arango, P.D. Arnold, P. Asherson, F. Assogna, G. Auzias, T. Banaschewski, A. Baranov, M.C. Batistuzzo, S. Baumeister, R. Baur-StreubelM. Behrmann, M.A. Bellgrove, F. Benedetti, J.C. Beucke, J. Biederman, I. Bollettini, A. Bose, J. Bralten, I.E. Bramati, D. Brandeis, S. Brem, B.P. Brennan, G.F. Busatto, S. Calderoni, A. Calvo, R. Calvo, F.X. Castellanos, M. Cercignani, T.M. Chaim-Avancini, K.C. Chantiluke, Y. Cheng, K.I.K. Cho, A. Christakou, D. Coghill, A. Conzelmann, A.I. Cubillo, A.M. Dale, S. Dallaspezia, E. Daly, D. Denys, C. Deruelle, A. Di Martino, I. Dinstein, A.E. Doyle, S. Durston, E.A. Earl, C. Ecker, S. Ehrlich, B.A. Ely, J.N. Epstein, T. Ethofer, D.A. Fair, A.J. Fallgatter, S.V. Faraone, J. Fedor, X. Feng, J.D. Feusner, J. Fitzgerald, K.D. Fitzgerald, J.-P. Fouche, C.M. Freitag, E.A. Fridgeirsson, T. Frodl, M.C. Gabel, L. Gallagher, T. Gogberashvili, I. Gori, P. Gruner, D.A. Gürsel, S. Haar, J. Haavik, G.B. Hall, N.A. Harrison, C.A. Hartman, D.J. Heslenfeld, Y. Hirano, P.J. Hoekstra, M.Q. Hoexter, S. Hohmann, M.F. Høvik, H. Hu, C. Huyser, N. Jahanshad, M. Jalbrzikowski, A. James, J. Janssen, F. Jaspers-Fayer, T.L. Jernigan, D. Kapilushniy, B. Kardatzki, G. Karkashadze, N. Kathmann, C. Kaufmann, C. Kelly, S. Khadka, J.A. King, K. Koch, G. Kohls, K. Konrad, M. Kuno, J. Kuntsi, G. Kvale, J.S. Kwon, L. Lázaro, S. Lera-Miguel, K.-P. Lesch, L. Hoekstra, Y. Liu, C. Lochner, M.R. Louza, B. Luna, A.J. Lundervold, C.B. Malpas, P. Marques, R. Marsh, I. Martínez-Zalacaín, D. Mataix-Cols, P. Mattos, H. McCarthy, J. McGrath, M.A. Mehta, J.M. Menchón, M. Mennes, M.M. Martinho, P.S. Moreira, A. Morer, P. Morgado, F. Muratori, C.M. Murphy, D.G.M. Murphy, A. Nakagawa, T. Nakamae, T. Nakao, L. Namazova-Baranova, J.C. Narayanaswamy, R. Nicolau, J.T. Nigg, S.E. Novotny, E.L. Nurmi, E.O. Weiss, R.L. O'Gorman Tuura, K. O'Hearn, J. O'Neill, J. Oosterlaan, B. Oranje, Y. Paloyelis, M. Parellada, P. Pauli, C. Perriello, J. Piacentini, F. Piras, K.J. Plessen, O. Puig, J. Antoni Ramos-Quiroga, Y.C. Janardhan Reddy, A. Reif, L. Reneman, A. Retico, P.G.P. Rosa, K. Rubia, O.G. Rus, Y. Sakai, A. Schrantee, L. Schwarz, L.J.S. Schweren, J. Seitz, P. Shaw, D. Shook, T.J. Silk, H. Blair Simpson, N. Skokauskas, J.C.S. Vila, A. Solovieva, N. Soreni, C. Soriano-Mas, G. Spalletta, E.R. Stern, M.C. Stevens, S. Evelyn Stewart, G. Sudre, P.R. Szeszko, L. Tamm, M.J. Taylor, D.F. Tolin, M. Tosetti, F. Tovar-Moll, A. Tsuchiyagaito, T.G.M. van Erp, G.A. van Wingen, A. Vance, G. Venkatasubramanian, O. Vilarroya, Y. Vives-Gilabert, G.G. von Polier, S. Walitza, G.L. Wallace, Z. Wang, T. Wolfers, Y.N. Yoncheva, J.-Y. Yun, M.V. Zanetti, F. Zhou, G.C. Ziegler, K.C. Zierhut, M.P. Zwiers, P.M. Thompson, D.J. Stein, J. Buitelaar, B. Franke, O.A. van den Heuvel, ENIGMA ADHD working group, ENIGMA ASD working group, ENIGMA OCD working group

IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

Abstract

Objective: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are common neurodevelopmental disorders that frequently co-occur. The authors sought to directly compare these disorders using structural brain imaging data from ENIGMA consortium data. Methods: Structural T1-weighted whole-brain MRI data from healthy control subjects (N=5,827) and from patients with ADHD (N=2,271), ASD (N=1,777), and OCD (N=2,323) from 151 cohorts worldwide were analyzed using standardized processing protocols. The authors examined subcortical volume, cortical thickness, and cortical surface area differences within a mega-analytical framework, pooling measures extracted from each cohort. Analyses were performed separately for children, adolescents, and adults, using linear mixed-effects models adjusting for age, sex, and site (and intracranial volume for subcortical and surface area measures). Results: No shared differences were found among all three disorders, and shared differences between any two disorders did not survive correction for multiple comparisons. Children with ADHD compared with those with OCD had smaller hippocampal volumes, possibly influenced by IQ. Children and adolescents with ADHD also had smaller intracranial volume than control subjects and those with OCD or ASD. Adults with ASD showed thicker frontal cortices compared with adult control subjects and other clinical groups. No OCD-specific differences were observed across different age groups and surface area differences among all disorders in childhood and adulthood. Conclusions: The study findings suggest robust but subtle differences across different age groups among ADHD, ASD, and OCD. ADHD-specific intracranial volume and hippocampal differences in children and adolescents, and ASD-specific cortical thickness differences in the frontal cortex in adults, support previous work emphasizing structural brain differences in these disorders. © 2020 American Psychiatric Association. All rights reserved.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	834-843
Number of pages	10
Journal	Am. J. Psychiatry
Volume	177
Issue number	9
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.19030331
Publication status	Published - 2020

Keywords

adult
Article
attention deficit disorder
autism
brain size
child
cohort analysis
controlled study
cortical surface area
cortical thickness (brain)
demography
effect size
female
hippocampus
human
image processing
intelligence quotient
major clinical study
male
nuclear magnetic resonance imaging
obsessive compulsive disorder
priority journal
quality control
subcortical brain volume
surface area
adolescent
diagnostic imaging
human development
mental disease
neuroimaging
organ size
pathology
pathophysiology
physiology
procedures
psychology
research
system analysis
Adolescent
Adult
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Cerebrum
Child
Female
Human Development
Humans
Male
Neuroimaging
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Organ Size
Psychopathology
Research Report
Systems Analysis

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10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.19030331

https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85090178574&doi=10.1176%2fappi.ajp.2020.19030331&partnerID=40&md5=3aaf4ea299884339a04dd926328be068

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Boedhoe, P. S. W., van Rooij, D., Hoogman, M., Twisk, J. W. R., Schmaal, L., Abe, Y., Alonso, P., Ameis, S. H., Anikin, A., Anticevic, A., Arango, C., Arnold, P. D., Asherson, P., Assogna, F., Auzias, G., Banaschewski, T., Baranov, A., Batistuzzo, M. C., Baumeister, S., ... group, ENIGMA. OCD. W. (2020). Subcortical brain volume, regional cortical thickness, and cortical surface area across disorders: Findings from the ENIGMA ADHD, ASD, and OCD working groups: American Journal of Psychiatry. Am. J. Psychiatry, 177(9), 834-843. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.19030331

Subcortical brain volume, regional cortical thickness, and cortical surface area across disorders: Findings from the ENIGMA ADHD, ASD, and OCD working groups : American Journal of Psychiatry. / Boedhoe, P.S.W.; van Rooij, D.; Hoogman, M.; Twisk, J.W.R.; Schmaal, L.; Abe, Y.; Alonso, P.; Ameis, S.H.; Anikin, A.; Anticevic, A.; Arango, C.; Arnold, P.D.; Asherson, P.; Assogna, F.; Auzias, G.; Banaschewski, T.; Baranov, A.; Batistuzzo, M.C.; Baumeister, S.; Baur-Streubel, R.; Behrmann, M.; Bellgrove, M.A.; Benedetti, F.; Beucke, J.C.; Biederman, J.; Bollettini, I.; Bose, A.; Bralten, J.; Bramati, I.E.; Brandeis, D.; Brem, S.; Brennan, B.P.; Busatto, G.F.; Calderoni, S.; Calvo, A.; Calvo, R.; Castellanos, F.X.; Cercignani, M.; Chaim-Avancini, T.M.; Chantiluke, K.C.; Cheng, Y.; Cho, K.I.K.; Christakou, A.; Coghill, D.; Conzelmann, A.; Cubillo, A.I.; Dale, A.M.; Dallaspezia, S.; Daly, E.; Denys, D.; Deruelle, C.; Di Martino, A.; Dinstein, I.; Doyle, A.E.; Durston, S.; Earl, E.A.; Ecker, C.; Ehrlich, S.; Ely, B.A.; Epstein, J.N.; Ethofer, T.; Fair, D.A.; Fallgatter, A.J.; Faraone, S.V.; Fedor, J.; Feng, X.; Feusner, J.D.; Fitzgerald, J.; Fitzgerald, K.D.; Fouche, J.-P.; Freitag, C.M.; Fridgeirsson, E.A.; Frodl, T.; Gabel, M.C.; Gallagher, L.; Gogberashvili, T.; Gori, I.; Gruner, P.; Gürsel, D.A.; Haar, S.; Haavik, J.; Hall, G.B.; Harrison, N.A.; Hartman, C.A.; Heslenfeld, D.J.; Hirano, Y.; Hoekstra, P.J.; Hoexter, M.Q.; Hohmann, S.; Høvik, M.F.; Hu, H.; Huyser, C.; Jahanshad, N.; Jalbrzikowski, M.; James, A.; Janssen, J.; Jaspers-Fayer, F.; Jernigan, T.L.; Kapilushniy, D.; Kardatzki, B.; Karkashadze, G.; Kathmann, N.; Kaufmann, C.; Kelly, C.; Khadka, S.; King, J.A.; Koch, K.; Kohls, G.; Konrad, K.; Kuno, M.; Kuntsi, J.; Kvale, G.; Kwon, J.S.; Lázaro, L.; Lera-Miguel, S.; Lesch, K.-P.; Hoekstra, L.; Liu, Y.; Lochner, C.; Louza, M.R.; Luna, B.; Lundervold, A.J.; Malpas, C.B.; Marques, P.; Marsh, R.; Martínez-Zalacaín, I.; Mataix-Cols, D.; Mattos, P.; McCarthy, H.; McGrath, J.; Mehta, M.A.; Menchón, J.M.; Mennes, M.; Martinho, M.M.; Moreira, P.S.; Morer, A.; Morgado, P.; Muratori, F.; Murphy, C.M.; Murphy, D.G.M.; Nakagawa, A.; Nakamae, T.; Nakao, T.; Namazova-Baranova, L.; Narayanaswamy, J.C.; Nicolau, R.; Nigg, J.T.; Novotny, S.E.; Nurmi, E.L.; Weiss, E.O.; O'Gorman Tuura, R.L.; O'Hearn, K.; O'Neill, J.; Oosterlaan, J.; Oranje, B.; Paloyelis, Y.; Parellada, M.; Pauli, P.; Perriello, C.; Piacentini, J.; Piras, F.; Plessen, K.J.; Puig, O.; Antoni Ramos-Quiroga, J.; Janardhan Reddy, Y.C.; Reif, A.; Reneman, L.; Retico, A.; Rosa, P.G.P.; Rubia, K.; Rus, O.G.; Sakai, Y.; Schrantee, A.; Schwarz, L.; Schweren, L.J.S.; Seitz, J.; Shaw, P.; Shook, D.; Silk, T.J.; Blair Simpson, H.; Skokauskas, N.; Vila, J.C.S.; Solovieva, A.; Soreni, N.; Soriano-Mas, C.; Spalletta, G.; Stern, E.R.; Stevens, M.C.; Evelyn Stewart, S.; Sudre, G.; Szeszko, P.R.; Tamm, L.; Taylor, M.J.; Tolin, D.F.; Tosetti, M.; Tovar-Moll, F.; Tsuchiyagaito, A.; van Erp, T.G.M.; van Wingen, G.A.; Vance, A.; Venkatasubramanian, G.; Vilarroya, O.; Vives-Gilabert, Y.; von Polier, G.G.; Walitza, S.; Wallace, G.L.; Wang, Z.; Wolfers, T.; Yoncheva, Y.N.; Yun, J.-Y.; Zanetti, M.V.; Zhou, F.; Ziegler, G.C.; Zierhut, K.C.; Zwiers, M.P.; Thompson, P.M.; Stein, D.J.; Buitelaar, J.; Franke, B.; van den Heuvel, O.A.; group, ENIGMA ADHD working; group, ENIGMA ASD working; group, ENIGMA OCD working.

In: Am. J. Psychiatry, Vol. 177, No. 9, 2020, p. 834-843.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

Boedhoe, PSW, van Rooij, D, Hoogman, M, Twisk, JWR, Schmaal, L, Abe, Y, Alonso, P, Ameis, SH, Anikin, A, Anticevic, A, Arango, C, Arnold, PD, Asherson, P, Assogna, F, Auzias, G, Banaschewski, T, Baranov, A, Batistuzzo, MC, Baumeister, S, Baur-Streubel, R, Behrmann, M, Bellgrove, MA, Benedetti, F, Beucke, JC, Biederman, J, Bollettini, I, Bose, A, Bralten, J, Bramati, IE, Brandeis, D, Brem, S, Brennan, BP, Busatto, GF, Calderoni, S, Calvo, A, Calvo, R, Castellanos, FX, Cercignani, M, Chaim-Avancini, TM, Chantiluke, KC, Cheng, Y, Cho, KIK, Christakou, A, Coghill, D, Conzelmann, A, Cubillo, AI, Dale, AM, Dallaspezia, S, Daly, E, Denys, D, Deruelle, C, Di Martino, A, Dinstein, I, Doyle, AE, Durston, S, Earl, EA, Ecker, C, Ehrlich, S, Ely, BA, Epstein, JN, Ethofer, T, Fair, DA, Fallgatter, AJ, Faraone, SV, Fedor, J, Feng, X, Feusner, JD, Fitzgerald, J, Fitzgerald, KD, Fouche, J-P, Freitag, CM, Fridgeirsson, EA, Frodl, T, Gabel, MC, Gallagher, L, Gogberashvili, T, Gori, I, Gruner, P, Gürsel, DA, Haar, S, Haavik, J, Hall, GB, Harrison, NA, Hartman, CA, Heslenfeld, DJ, Hirano, Y, Hoekstra, PJ, Hoexter, MQ, Hohmann, S, Høvik, MF, Hu, H, Huyser, C, Jahanshad, N, Jalbrzikowski, M, James, A, Janssen, J, Jaspers-Fayer, F, Jernigan, TL, Kapilushniy, D, Kardatzki, B, Karkashadze, G, Kathmann, N, Kaufmann, C, Kelly, C, Khadka, S, King, JA, Koch, K, Kohls, G, Konrad, K, Kuno, M, Kuntsi, J, Kvale, G, Kwon, JS, Lázaro, L, Lera-Miguel, S, Lesch, K-P, Hoekstra, L, Liu, Y, Lochner, C, Louza, MR, Luna, B, Lundervold, AJ, Malpas, CB, Marques, P, Marsh, R, Martínez-Zalacaín, I, Mataix-Cols, D, Mattos, P, McCarthy, H, McGrath, J, Mehta, MA, Menchón, JM, Mennes, M, Martinho, MM, Moreira, PS, Morer, A, Morgado, P, Muratori, F, Murphy, CM, Murphy, DGM, Nakagawa, A, Nakamae, T, Nakao, T, Namazova-Baranova, L, Narayanaswamy, JC, Nicolau, R, Nigg, JT, Novotny, SE, Nurmi, EL, Weiss, EO, O'Gorman Tuura, RL, O'Hearn, K, O'Neill, J, Oosterlaan, J, Oranje, B, Paloyelis, Y, Parellada, M, Pauli, P, Perriello, C, Piacentini, J, Piras, F, Plessen, KJ, Puig, O, Antoni Ramos-Quiroga, J, Janardhan Reddy, YC, Reif, A, Reneman, L, Retico, A, Rosa, PGP, Rubia, K, Rus, OG, Sakai, Y, Schrantee, A, Schwarz, L, Schweren, LJS, Seitz, J, Shaw, P, Shook, D, Silk, TJ, Blair Simpson, H, Skokauskas, N, Vila, JCS, Solovieva, A, Soreni, N, Soriano-Mas, C, Spalletta, G, Stern, ER, Stevens, MC, Evelyn Stewart, S, Sudre, G, Szeszko, PR, Tamm, L, Taylor, MJ, Tolin, DF, Tosetti, M, Tovar-Moll, F, Tsuchiyagaito, A, van Erp, TGM, van Wingen, GA, Vance, A, Venkatasubramanian, G, Vilarroya, O, Vives-Gilabert, Y, von Polier, GG, Walitza, S, Wallace, GL, Wang, Z, Wolfers, T, Yoncheva, YN, Yun, J-Y, Zanetti, MV, Zhou, F, Ziegler, GC, Zierhut, KC, Zwiers, MP, Thompson, PM, Stein, DJ, Buitelaar, J, Franke, B, van den Heuvel, OA, group, ENIGMAADHDW, group, ENIGMAASDW & group, ENIGMAOCDW 2020, 'Subcortical brain volume, regional cortical thickness, and cortical surface area across disorders: Findings from the ENIGMA ADHD, ASD, and OCD working groups: American Journal of Psychiatry', Am. J. Psychiatry, vol. 177, no. 9, pp. 834-843. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.19030331

Boedhoe, P.S.W. ; van Rooij, D. ; Hoogman, M. ; Twisk, J.W.R. ; Schmaal, L. ; Abe, Y. ; Alonso, P. ; Ameis, S.H. ; Anikin, A. ; Anticevic, A. ; Arango, C. ; Arnold, P.D. ; Asherson, P. ; Assogna, F. ; Auzias, G. ; Banaschewski, T. ; Baranov, A. ; Batistuzzo, M.C. ; Baumeister, S. ; Baur-Streubel, R. ; Behrmann, M. ; Bellgrove, M.A. ; Benedetti, F. ; Beucke, J.C. ; Biederman, J. ; Bollettini, I. ; Bose, A. ; Bralten, J. ; Bramati, I.E. ; Brandeis, D. ; Brem, S. ; Brennan, B.P. ; Busatto, G.F. ; Calderoni, S. ; Calvo, A. ; Calvo, R. ; Castellanos, F.X. ; Cercignani, M. ; Chaim-Avancini, T.M. ; Chantiluke, K.C. ; Cheng, Y. ; Cho, K.I.K. ; Christakou, A. ; Coghill, D. ; Conzelmann, A. ; Cubillo, A.I. ; Dale, A.M. ; Dallaspezia, S. ; Daly, E. ; Denys, D. ; Deruelle, C. ; Di Martino, A. ; Dinstein, I. ; Doyle, A.E. ; Durston, S. ; Earl, E.A. ; Ecker, C. ; Ehrlich, S. ; Ely, B.A. ; Epstein, J.N. ; Ethofer, T. ; Fair, D.A. ; Fallgatter, A.J. ; Faraone, S.V. ; Fedor, J. ; Feng, X. ; Feusner, J.D. ; Fitzgerald, J. ; Fitzgerald, K.D. ; Fouche, J.-P. ; Freitag, C.M. ; Fridgeirsson, E.A. ; Frodl, T. ; Gabel, M.C. ; Gallagher, L. ; Gogberashvili, T. ; Gori, I. ; Gruner, P. ; Gürsel, D.A. ; Haar, S. ; Haavik, J. ; Hall, G.B. ; Harrison, N.A. ; Hartman, C.A. ; Heslenfeld, D.J. ; Hirano, Y. ; Hoekstra, P.J. ; Hoexter, M.Q. ; Hohmann, S. ; Høvik, M.F. ; Hu, H. ; Huyser, C. ; Jahanshad, N. ; Jalbrzikowski, M. ; James, A. ; Janssen, J. ; Jaspers-Fayer, F. ; Jernigan, T.L. ; Kapilushniy, D. ; Kardatzki, B. ; Karkashadze, G. ; Kathmann, N. ; Kaufmann, C. ; Kelly, C. ; Khadka, S. ; King, J.A. ; Koch, K. ; Kohls, G. ; Konrad, K. ; Kuno, M. ; Kuntsi, J. ; Kvale, G. ; Kwon, J.S. ; Lázaro, L. ; Lera-Miguel, S. ; Lesch, K.-P. ; Hoekstra, L. ; Liu, Y. ; Lochner, C. ; Louza, M.R. ; Luna, B. ; Lundervold, A.J. ; Malpas, C.B. ; Marques, P. ; Marsh, R. ; Martínez-Zalacaín, I. ; Mataix-Cols, D. ; Mattos, P. ; McCarthy, H. ; McGrath, J. ; Mehta, M.A. ; Menchón, J.M. ; Mennes, M. ; Martinho, M.M. ; Moreira, P.S. ; Morer, A. ; Morgado, P. ; Muratori, F. ; Murphy, C.M. ; Murphy, D.G.M. ; Nakagawa, A. ; Nakamae, T. ; Nakao, T. ; Namazova-Baranova, L. ; Narayanaswamy, J.C. ; Nicolau, R. ; Nigg, J.T. ; Novotny, S.E. ; Nurmi, E.L. ; Weiss, E.O. ; O'Gorman Tuura, R.L. ; O'Hearn, K. ; O'Neill, J. ; Oosterlaan, J. ; Oranje, B. ; Paloyelis, Y. ; Parellada, M. ; Pauli, P. ; Perriello, C. ; Piacentini, J. ; Piras, F. ; Plessen, K.J. ; Puig, O. ; Antoni Ramos-Quiroga, J. ; Janardhan Reddy, Y.C. ; Reif, A. ; Reneman, L. ; Retico, A. ; Rosa, P.G.P. ; Rubia, K. ; Rus, O.G. ; Sakai, Y. ; Schrantee, A. ; Schwarz, L. ; Schweren, L.J.S. ; Seitz, J. ; Shaw, P. ; Shook, D. ; Silk, T.J. ; Blair Simpson, H. ; Skokauskas, N. ; Vila, J.C.S. ; Solovieva, A. ; Soreni, N. ; Soriano-Mas, C. ; Spalletta, G. ; Stern, E.R. ; Stevens, M.C. ; Evelyn Stewart, S. ; Sudre, G. ; Szeszko, P.R. ; Tamm, L. ; Taylor, M.J. ; Tolin, D.F. ; Tosetti, M. ; Tovar-Moll, F. ; Tsuchiyagaito, A. ; van Erp, T.G.M. ; van Wingen, G.A. ; Vance, A. ; Venkatasubramanian, G. ; Vilarroya, O. ; Vives-Gilabert, Y. ; von Polier, G.G. ; Walitza, S. ; Wallace, G.L. ; Wang, Z. ; Wolfers, T. ; Yoncheva, Y.N. ; Yun, J.-Y. ; Zanetti, M.V. ; Zhou, F. ; Ziegler, G.C. ; Zierhut, K.C. ; Zwiers, M.P. ; Thompson, P.M. ; Stein, D.J. ; Buitelaar, J. ; Franke, B. ; van den Heuvel, O.A. ; group, ENIGMA ADHD working ; group, ENIGMA ASD working ; group, ENIGMA OCD working. / Subcortical brain volume, regional cortical thickness, and cortical surface area across disorders: Findings from the ENIGMA ADHD, ASD, and OCD working groups : American Journal of Psychiatry. In: Am. J. Psychiatry. 2020 ; Vol. 177, No. 9. pp. 834-843.

@article{712ba938843342199560c3f5cdf48803,

title = "Subcortical brain volume, regional cortical thickness, and cortical surface area across disorders: Findings from the ENIGMA ADHD, ASD, and OCD working groups: American Journal of Psychiatry",

abstract = "Objective: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are common neurodevelopmental disorders that frequently co-occur. The authors sought to directly compare these disorders using structural brain imaging data from ENIGMA consortium data. Methods: Structural T1-weighted whole-brain MRI data from healthy control subjects (N=5,827) and from patients with ADHD (N=2,271), ASD (N=1,777), and OCD (N=2,323) from 151 cohorts worldwide were analyzed using standardized processing protocols. The authors examined subcortical volume, cortical thickness, and cortical surface area differences within a mega-analytical framework, pooling measures extracted from each cohort. Analyses were performed separately for children, adolescents, and adults, using linear mixed-effects models adjusting for age, sex, and site (and intracranial volume for subcortical and surface area measures). Results: No shared differences were found among all three disorders, and shared differences between any two disorders did not survive correction for multiple comparisons. Children with ADHD compared with those with OCD had smaller hippocampal volumes, possibly influenced by IQ. Children and adolescents with ADHD also had smaller intracranial volume than control subjects and those with OCD or ASD. Adults with ASD showed thicker frontal cortices compared with adult control subjects and other clinical groups. No OCD-specific differences were observed across different age groups and surface area differences among all disorders in childhood and adulthood. Conclusions: The study findings suggest robust but subtle differences across different age groups among ADHD, ASD, and OCD. ADHD-specific intracranial volume and hippocampal differences in children and adolescents, and ASD-specific cortical thickness differences in the frontal cortex in adults, support previous work emphasizing structural brain differences in these disorders. {\textcopyright} 2020 American Psychiatric Association. All rights reserved.",

keywords = "adult, Article, attention deficit disorder, autism, brain size, child, cohort analysis, controlled study, cortical surface area, cortical thickness (brain), demography, effect size, female, hippocampus, human, image processing, intelligence quotient, major clinical study, male, nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, obsessive compulsive disorder, priority journal, quality control, subcortical brain volume, surface area, adolescent, diagnostic imaging, human development, mental disease, neuroimaging, organ size, pathology, pathophysiology, physiology, procedures, psychology, research, system analysis, Adolescent, Adult, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Cerebrum, Child, Female, Human Development, Humans, Male, Neuroimaging, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Organ Size, Psychopathology, Research Report, Systems Analysis",

author = "P.S.W. Boedhoe and {van Rooij}, D. and M. Hoogman and J.W.R. Twisk and L. Schmaal and Y. Abe and P. Alonso and S.H. Ameis and A. Anikin and A. Anticevic and C. Arango and P.D. Arnold and P. Asherson and F. Assogna and G. Auzias and T. Banaschewski and A. Baranov and M.C. Batistuzzo and S. Baumeister and R. Baur-Streubel and M. Behrmann and M.A. Bellgrove and F. Benedetti and J.C. Beucke and J. Biederman and I. Bollettini and A. Bose and J. Bralten and I.E. Bramati and D. Brandeis and S. Brem and B.P. Brennan and G.F. Busatto and S. Calderoni and A. Calvo and R. Calvo and F.X. Castellanos and M. Cercignani and T.M. Chaim-Avancini and K.C. Chantiluke and Y. Cheng and K.I.K. Cho and A. Christakou and D. Coghill and A. Conzelmann and A.I. Cubillo and A.M. Dale and S. Dallaspezia and E. Daly and D. Denys and C. Deruelle and {Di Martino}, A. and I. Dinstein and A.E. Doyle and S. Durston and E.A. Earl and C. Ecker and S. Ehrlich and B.A. Ely and J.N. Epstein and T. Ethofer and D.A. Fair and A.J. Fallgatter and S.V. Faraone and J. Fedor and X. Feng and J.D. Feusner and J. Fitzgerald and K.D. Fitzgerald and J.-P. Fouche and C.M. Freitag and E.A. Fridgeirsson and T. Frodl and M.C. Gabel and L. Gallagher and T. Gogberashvili and I. Gori and P. Gruner and D.A. G{\"u}rsel and S. Haar and J. Haavik and G.B. Hall and N.A. Harrison and C.A. Hartman and D.J. Heslenfeld and Y. Hirano and P.J. Hoekstra and M.Q. Hoexter and S. Hohmann and M.F. H{\o}vik and H. Hu and C. Huyser and N. Jahanshad and M. Jalbrzikowski and A. James and J. Janssen and F. Jaspers-Fayer and T.L. Jernigan and D. Kapilushniy and B. Kardatzki and G. Karkashadze and N. Kathmann and C. Kaufmann and C. Kelly and S. Khadka and J.A. King and K. Koch and G. Kohls and K. Konrad and M. Kuno and J. Kuntsi and G. Kvale and J.S. Kwon and L. L{\'a}zaro and S. Lera-Miguel and K.-P. Lesch and L. Hoekstra and Y. Liu and C. Lochner and M.R. Louza and B. Luna and A.J. Lundervold and C.B. Malpas and P. Marques and R. Marsh and I. Mart{\'i}nez-Zalaca{\'i}n and D. Mataix-Cols and P. Mattos and H. McCarthy and J. McGrath and M.A. Mehta and J.M. Mench{\'o}n and M. Mennes and M.M. Martinho and P.S. Moreira and A. Morer and P. Morgado and F. Muratori and C.M. Murphy and D.G.M. Murphy and A. Nakagawa and T. Nakamae and T. Nakao and L. Namazova-Baranova and J.C. Narayanaswamy and R. Nicolau and J.T. Nigg and S.E. Novotny and E.L. Nurmi and E.O. Weiss and {O'Gorman Tuura}, R.L. and K. O'Hearn and J. O'Neill and J. Oosterlaan and B. Oranje and Y. Paloyelis and M. Parellada and P. Pauli and C. Perriello and J. Piacentini and F. Piras and K.J. Plessen and O. Puig and {Antoni Ramos-Quiroga}, J. and {Janardhan Reddy}, Y.C. and A. Reif and L. Reneman and A. Retico and P.G.P. Rosa and K. Rubia and O.G. Rus and Y. Sakai and A. Schrantee and L. Schwarz and L.J.S. Schweren and J. Seitz and P. Shaw and D. Shook and T.J. Silk and {Blair Simpson}, H. and N. Skokauskas and J.C.S. Vila and A. Solovieva and N. Soreni and C. Soriano-Mas and G. Spalletta and E.R. Stern and M.C. Stevens and {Evelyn Stewart}, S. and G. Sudre and P.R. Szeszko and L. Tamm and M.J. Taylor and D.F. Tolin and M. Tosetti and F. Tovar-Moll and A. Tsuchiyagaito and {van Erp}, T.G.M. and {van Wingen}, G.A. and A. Vance and G. Venkatasubramanian and O. Vilarroya and Y. Vives-Gilabert and {von Polier}, G.G. and S. Walitza and G.L. Wallace and Z. Wang and T. Wolfers and Y.N. Yoncheva and J.-Y. Yun and M.V. Zanetti and F. Zhou and G.C. Ziegler and K.C. Zierhut and M.P. Zwiers and P.M. Thompson and D.J. Stein and J. Buitelaar and B. Franke and {van den Heuvel}, O.A. and group, {ENIGMA ADHD working} and group, {ENIGMA ASD working} and group, {ENIGMA OCD working}",

note = "Cited By :9 Export Date: 11 March 2021 CODEN: AJPSA Correspondence Address: van Rooij, D.email: d.vanrooij@donders.ru.nl",

year = "2020",

doi = "10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.19030331",

language = "English",

volume = "177",

pages = "834--843",

journal = "Am. J. Psychiatry",

issn = "0002-953X",

publisher = "American Psychiatric Association",

number = "9",

}

TY - JOUR

T1 - Subcortical brain volume, regional cortical thickness, and cortical surface area across disorders: Findings from the ENIGMA ADHD, ASD, and OCD working groups

T2 - American Journal of Psychiatry

AU - Boedhoe, P.S.W.

AU - van Rooij, D.

AU - Hoogman, M.

AU - Twisk, J.W.R.

AU - Schmaal, L.

AU - Abe, Y.

AU - Alonso, P.

AU - Ameis, S.H.

AU - Anikin, A.

AU - Anticevic, A.

AU - Arango, C.

AU - Arnold, P.D.

AU - Asherson, P.

AU - Assogna, F.

AU - Auzias, G.

AU - Banaschewski, T.

AU - Baranov, A.

AU - Batistuzzo, M.C.

AU - Baumeister, S.

AU - Baur-Streubel, R.

AU - Behrmann, M.

AU - Bellgrove, M.A.

AU - Benedetti, F.

AU - Beucke, J.C.

AU - Biederman, J.

AU - Bollettini, I.

AU - Bose, A.

AU - Bralten, J.

AU - Bramati, I.E.

AU - Brandeis, D.

AU - Brem, S.

AU - Brennan, B.P.

AU - Busatto, G.F.

AU - Calderoni, S.

AU - Calvo, A.

AU - Calvo, R.

AU - Castellanos, F.X.

AU - Cercignani, M.

AU - Chaim-Avancini, T.M.

AU - Chantiluke, K.C.

AU - Cheng, Y.

AU - Cho, K.I.K.

AU - Christakou, A.

AU - Coghill, D.

AU - Conzelmann, A.

AU - Cubillo, A.I.

AU - Dale, A.M.

AU - Dallaspezia, S.

AU - Daly, E.

AU - Denys, D.

AU - Deruelle, C.

AU - Di Martino, A.

AU - Dinstein, I.

AU - Doyle, A.E.

AU - Durston, S.

AU - Earl, E.A.

AU - Ecker, C.

AU - Ehrlich, S.

AU - Ely, B.A.

AU - Epstein, J.N.

AU - Ethofer, T.

AU - Fair, D.A.

AU - Fallgatter, A.J.

AU - Faraone, S.V.

AU - Fedor, J.

AU - Feng, X.

AU - Feusner, J.D.

AU - Fitzgerald, J.

AU - Fitzgerald, K.D.

AU - Fouche, J.-P.

AU - Freitag, C.M.

AU - Fridgeirsson, E.A.

AU - Frodl, T.

AU - Gabel, M.C.

AU - Gallagher, L.

AU - Gogberashvili, T.

AU - Gori, I.

AU - Gruner, P.

AU - Gürsel, D.A.

AU - Haar, S.

AU - Haavik, J.

AU - Hall, G.B.

AU - Harrison, N.A.

AU - Hartman, C.A.

AU - Heslenfeld, D.J.

AU - Hirano, Y.

AU - Hoekstra, P.J.

AU - Hoexter, M.Q.

AU - Hohmann, S.

AU - Høvik, M.F.

AU - Hu, H.

AU - Huyser, C.

AU - Jahanshad, N.

AU - Jalbrzikowski, M.

AU - James, A.

AU - Janssen, J.

AU - Jaspers-Fayer, F.

AU - Jernigan, T.L.

AU - Kapilushniy, D.

AU - Kardatzki, B.

AU - Karkashadze, G.

AU - Kathmann, N.

AU - Kaufmann, C.

AU - Kelly, C.

AU - Khadka, S.

AU - King, J.A.

AU - Koch, K.

AU - Kohls, G.

AU - Konrad, K.

AU - Kuno, M.

AU - Kuntsi, J.

AU - Kvale, G.

AU - Kwon, J.S.

AU - Lázaro, L.

AU - Lera-Miguel, S.

AU - Lesch, K.-P.

AU - Hoekstra, L.

AU - Liu, Y.

AU - Lochner, C.

AU - Louza, M.R.

AU - Luna, B.

AU - Lundervold, A.J.

AU - Malpas, C.B.

AU - Marques, P.

AU - Marsh, R.

AU - Martínez-Zalacaín, I.

AU - Mataix-Cols, D.

AU - Mattos, P.

AU - McCarthy, H.

AU - McGrath, J.

AU - Mehta, M.A.

AU - Menchón, J.M.

AU - Mennes, M.

AU - Martinho, M.M.

AU - Moreira, P.S.

AU - Morer, A.

AU - Morgado, P.

AU - Muratori, F.

AU - Murphy, C.M.

AU - Murphy, D.G.M.

AU - Nakagawa, A.

AU - Nakamae, T.

AU - Nakao, T.

AU - Namazova-Baranova, L.

AU - Narayanaswamy, J.C.

AU - Nicolau, R.

AU - Nigg, J.T.

AU - Novotny, S.E.

AU - Nurmi, E.L.

AU - Weiss, E.O.

AU - O'Gorman Tuura, R.L.

AU - O'Hearn, K.

AU - O'Neill, J.

AU - Oosterlaan, J.

AU - Oranje, B.

AU - Paloyelis, Y.

AU - Parellada, M.

AU - Pauli, P.

AU - Perriello, C.

AU - Piacentini, J.

AU - Piras, F.

AU - Plessen, K.J.

AU - Puig, O.

AU - Antoni Ramos-Quiroga, J.

AU - Janardhan Reddy, Y.C.

AU - Reif, A.

AU - Reneman, L.

AU - Retico, A.

AU - Rosa, P.G.P.

AU - Rubia, K.

AU - Rus, O.G.

AU - Sakai, Y.

AU - Schrantee, A.

AU - Schwarz, L.

AU - Schweren, L.J.S.

AU - Seitz, J.

AU - Shaw, P.

AU - Shook, D.

AU - Silk, T.J.

AU - Blair Simpson, H.

AU - Skokauskas, N.

AU - Vila, J.C.S.

AU - Solovieva, A.

AU - Soreni, N.

AU - Soriano-Mas, C.

AU - Spalletta, G.

AU - Stern, E.R.

AU - Stevens, M.C.

AU - Evelyn Stewart, S.

AU - Sudre, G.

AU - Szeszko, P.R.

AU - Tamm, L.

AU - Taylor, M.J.

AU - Tolin, D.F.

AU - Tosetti, M.

AU - Tovar-Moll, F.

AU - Tsuchiyagaito, A.

AU - van Erp, T.G.M.

AU - van Wingen, G.A.

AU - Vance, A.

AU - Venkatasubramanian, G.

AU - Vilarroya, O.

AU - Vives-Gilabert, Y.

AU - von Polier, G.G.

AU - Walitza, S.

AU - Wallace, G.L.

AU - Wang, Z.

AU - Wolfers, T.

AU - Yoncheva, Y.N.

AU - Yun, J.-Y.

AU - Zanetti, M.V.

AU - Zhou, F.

AU - Ziegler, G.C.

AU - Zierhut, K.C.

AU - Zwiers, M.P.

AU - Thompson, P.M.

AU - Stein, D.J.

AU - Buitelaar, J.

AU - Franke, B.

AU - van den Heuvel, O.A.

AU - group, ENIGMA ADHD working

AU - group, ENIGMA ASD working

AU - group, ENIGMA OCD working

N1 - Cited By :9 Export Date: 11 March 2021 CODEN: AJPSA Correspondence Address: van Rooij, D.email: d.vanrooij@donders.ru.nl

PY - 2020

Y1 - 2020

N2 - Objective: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are common neurodevelopmental disorders that frequently co-occur. The authors sought to directly compare these disorders using structural brain imaging data from ENIGMA consortium data. Methods: Structural T1-weighted whole-brain MRI data from healthy control subjects (N=5,827) and from patients with ADHD (N=2,271), ASD (N=1,777), and OCD (N=2,323) from 151 cohorts worldwide were analyzed using standardized processing protocols. The authors examined subcortical volume, cortical thickness, and cortical surface area differences within a mega-analytical framework, pooling measures extracted from each cohort. Analyses were performed separately for children, adolescents, and adults, using linear mixed-effects models adjusting for age, sex, and site (and intracranial volume for subcortical and surface area measures). Results: No shared differences were found among all three disorders, and shared differences between any two disorders did not survive correction for multiple comparisons. Children with ADHD compared with those with OCD had smaller hippocampal volumes, possibly influenced by IQ. Children and adolescents with ADHD also had smaller intracranial volume than control subjects and those with OCD or ASD. Adults with ASD showed thicker frontal cortices compared with adult control subjects and other clinical groups. No OCD-specific differences were observed across different age groups and surface area differences among all disorders in childhood and adulthood. Conclusions: The study findings suggest robust but subtle differences across different age groups among ADHD, ASD, and OCD. ADHD-specific intracranial volume and hippocampal differences in children and adolescents, and ASD-specific cortical thickness differences in the frontal cortex in adults, support previous work emphasizing structural brain differences in these disorders. © 2020 American Psychiatric Association. All rights reserved.

AB - Objective: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are common neurodevelopmental disorders that frequently co-occur. The authors sought to directly compare these disorders using structural brain imaging data from ENIGMA consortium data. Methods: Structural T1-weighted whole-brain MRI data from healthy control subjects (N=5,827) and from patients with ADHD (N=2,271), ASD (N=1,777), and OCD (N=2,323) from 151 cohorts worldwide were analyzed using standardized processing protocols. The authors examined subcortical volume, cortical thickness, and cortical surface area differences within a mega-analytical framework, pooling measures extracted from each cohort. Analyses were performed separately for children, adolescents, and adults, using linear mixed-effects models adjusting for age, sex, and site (and intracranial volume for subcortical and surface area measures). Results: No shared differences were found among all three disorders, and shared differences between any two disorders did not survive correction for multiple comparisons. Children with ADHD compared with those with OCD had smaller hippocampal volumes, possibly influenced by IQ. Children and adolescents with ADHD also had smaller intracranial volume than control subjects and those with OCD or ASD. Adults with ASD showed thicker frontal cortices compared with adult control subjects and other clinical groups. No OCD-specific differences were observed across different age groups and surface area differences among all disorders in childhood and adulthood. Conclusions: The study findings suggest robust but subtle differences across different age groups among ADHD, ASD, and OCD. ADHD-specific intracranial volume and hippocampal differences in children and adolescents, and ASD-specific cortical thickness differences in the frontal cortex in adults, support previous work emphasizing structural brain differences in these disorders. © 2020 American Psychiatric Association. All rights reserved.

KW - adult

KW - Article

KW - attention deficit disorder

KW - autism

KW - brain size

KW - child

KW - cohort analysis

KW - controlled study

KW - cortical surface area

KW - cortical thickness (brain)

KW - demography

KW - effect size

KW - female

KW - hippocampus

KW - human

KW - image processing

KW - intelligence quotient

KW - major clinical study

KW - male

KW - nuclear magnetic resonance imaging

KW - obsessive compulsive disorder

KW - priority journal

KW - quality control

KW - subcortical brain volume

KW - surface area

KW - adolescent

KW - diagnostic imaging

KW - human development

KW - mental disease

KW - neuroimaging

KW - organ size

KW - pathology

KW - pathophysiology

KW - physiology

KW - procedures

KW - psychology

KW - research

KW - system analysis

KW - Adolescent

KW - Adult

KW - Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity

KW - Autism Spectrum Disorder

KW - Cerebrum

KW - Child

KW - Female

KW - Human Development

KW - Humans

KW - Male

KW - Neuroimaging

KW - Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

KW - Organ Size

KW - Psychopathology

KW - Research Report

KW - Systems Analysis

U2 - 10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.19030331

DO - 10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.19030331

M3 - Article

VL - 177

SP - 834

EP - 843

JO - Am. J. Psychiatry

JF - Am. J. Psychiatry

SN - 0002-953X

IS - 9

ER -

Subcortical brain volume, regional cortical thickness, and cortical surface area across disorders: Findings from the ENIGMA ADHD, ASD, and OCD working groups: American Journal of Psychiatry

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