Synthesis and aggregative properties of GM1 ganglioside (IV3Neu5AcGgOse4Cer) containing d-(+)-2-hydroxystearic acid

GM1 ganglioside containing a hydroxylated fatty acid moiety, GM1(OH), was synthesized starting from lyso-GM1 and d-(+)-2-hydroxystearic acid. The aggregative, geometrical and distribution properties of GM1(OH) were compared with those of stearic acid containing GM1 ganglioside; laser light scattering measurements, differential scanning calorimetry and fluorescence spectroscopy were used. GM1 and GM1(OH) are present in solution as micelles with a hydrodynamic radius of 58.7 and 60.0 Å, and molecular mass of 470 and 570 kDa, respectively. The surface area occupied by the monomer of GM1(OH) at the lipid-water interface of the aggregate was calculated to be 117 Å ², which is 3 Å ² lower than that determined for GM1. Proton NMR analyses of GM1 and GM1(OH) suggest different three-dimensional structures at the ganglioside lipid-water interface. Both GM1(OH) and GM1 inserted into dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) vesicles undergo segregation phenomena, with the formation of ganglioside-enriched microdomains, but GM1(OH) shows a higher degree of dispersion in the DPPC matrix and exerts a lower rigidifying effect than does GM1.