TY - JOUR
T1 - The 15-months clinical experience of sars-cov-2
T2 - A literature review of therapies and adjuvants
AU - Inchingolo, Alessio Danilo
AU - Dipalma, Gianna
AU - Inchingolo, Angelo Michele
AU - Malcangi, Giuseppina
AU - Santacroce, Luigi
AU - D’oria, Maria Teresa
AU - Isacco, Ciro Gargiulo
AU - Bordea, Ioana Roxana
AU - Candrea, Sebastian
AU - Scarano, Antonio
AU - Morandi, Benedetta
AU - Fabbro, Massimo Del
AU - Farronato, Marco
AU - Tartaglia, Gianluca Martino
AU - Balzanelli, Mario Giosuè
AU - Ballini, Andrea
AU - Nucci, Ludovica
AU - Lorusso, Felice
AU - Taschieri, Silvio
AU - Inchingolo, Francesco
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2021, MDPI AG. All rights reserved.
PY - 2021/6
Y1 - 2021/6
N2 - Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the virus responsible for the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) that emerged in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, and rapidly spread worldwide, with a daily increase in confirmed cases and infection-related deaths. The World Health Organization declared a pandemic on the 11th of March 2020. COVID-19 presents flu-like symptoms that become severe in high-risk medically compromised subjects. The aim of this study was to perform an updated overview of the treatments and adjuvant protocols for COVID-19. Methods: A systematic literature search of databases was performed (MEDLINE PubMed, Google Scholar, UpToDate, Embase, and Web of Science) using the keywords: “COVID-19”, “2019-nCoV”, “coronavirus” and “SARS-CoV-2” (date range: 1 January 2019 to 31st October 2020), focused on clinical features and treatments. Results: The main treatments retrieved were antivirals, antimalarials, convalescent plasma, immunomodulators, corticosteroids, anticoagulants, and mesenchymal stem cells. Most of the described treatments may provide benefits to COVID-19 subjects, but no one protocol has definitively proven its efficacy. Conclusions: While many efforts are being spent worldwide in research aimed at identifying early diagnostic methods and evidence-based effective treatments, mass vaccination is thought to be the best option against this disease in the near future.
AB - Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the virus responsible for the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) that emerged in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, and rapidly spread worldwide, with a daily increase in confirmed cases and infection-related deaths. The World Health Organization declared a pandemic on the 11th of March 2020. COVID-19 presents flu-like symptoms that become severe in high-risk medically compromised subjects. The aim of this study was to perform an updated overview of the treatments and adjuvant protocols for COVID-19. Methods: A systematic literature search of databases was performed (MEDLINE PubMed, Google Scholar, UpToDate, Embase, and Web of Science) using the keywords: “COVID-19”, “2019-nCoV”, “coronavirus” and “SARS-CoV-2” (date range: 1 January 2019 to 31st October 2020), focused on clinical features and treatments. Results: The main treatments retrieved were antivirals, antimalarials, convalescent plasma, immunomodulators, corticosteroids, anticoagulants, and mesenchymal stem cells. Most of the described treatments may provide benefits to COVID-19 subjects, but no one protocol has definitively proven its efficacy. Conclusions: While many efforts are being spent worldwide in research aimed at identifying early diagnostic methods and evidence-based effective treatments, mass vaccination is thought to be the best option against this disease in the near future.
KW - Anticoagulants
KW - Antimalarials
KW - Antioxidants
KW - Antivirals
KW - Autologous stem cells
KW - Corticosteroids
KW - Immunomodulators
KW - Immunotherapy
KW - SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19)
KW - Vaccines
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UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85106937746&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3390/antiox10060881
DO - 10.3390/antiox10060881
M3 - Review article
AN - SCOPUS:85106937746
VL - 10
JO - Antioxidants
JF - Antioxidants
SN - 2076-3921
IS - 6
M1 - 881
ER -