The history of total knee arthroplasty (TKA)

The knee is a diarthrosis joint composed of four bones: the femur, the tibia, the patella, the proximal part of the fibula. Articular conformity between the femur and the tibia is provided by two fibrocartilagineous discs: the external and internal menisci. The knee ligaments are the anterior and posterior cruciate ligament, the internal and external collateral ligaments, and the patellar tendon.Current total knee arthroplasty is made up of a femoral component and a tibial component of cobalt-chromium alloys, and a platform/insert of polyethylene.Recently, oxidized zirconium or ceramic femoral components were used in the development of new TKAs.