TY - JOUR
T1 - Tumour microenvironment and immune evasion in EGFR addicted NSCLC
T2 - Hurdles and possibilities
AU - Santaniello, Antonio
AU - Napolitano, Fabiana
AU - Servetto, Alberto
AU - De Placido, Pietro
AU - Silvestris, Nicola
AU - Bianco, Cataldo
AU - Formisano, Luigi
AU - Bianco, Roberto
PY - 2019/10
Y1 - 2019/10
N2 - In the last few years, the treatment strategy in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) patients has been heavily modified by the introduction of the immune-checkpoint inhibitors. Anti-programmed cell death 1/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) therapy has improved both progression-free and the overall survival in almost all subgroups of patients, with or without PDL1 expression, with different degrees of responses. However, there are patients that are not benefitting from this treatment. A defined group of immune-checkpoint inhibitors non-responder tumours carry EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) mutations: nowadays, anti-PD-1/PD-L1 clinical trials often do not involve this type of patient and the use of immune-checkpoint inhibitors are under evaluation in this setting. Our review aims to elucidate the mechanisms underlying this resistance: we focused on evaluating the role of the tumour microenvironment, including infiltrating cells, cytokines, secreted factors, and angiogenesis, and its interaction with the tumour tissue. Finally, we analysed the possible role of immunotherapy in EGFR mutated tumours.
AB - In the last few years, the treatment strategy in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) patients has been heavily modified by the introduction of the immune-checkpoint inhibitors. Anti-programmed cell death 1/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) therapy has improved both progression-free and the overall survival in almost all subgroups of patients, with or without PDL1 expression, with different degrees of responses. However, there are patients that are not benefitting from this treatment. A defined group of immune-checkpoint inhibitors non-responder tumours carry EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) mutations: nowadays, anti-PD-1/PD-L1 clinical trials often do not involve this type of patient and the use of immune-checkpoint inhibitors are under evaluation in this setting. Our review aims to elucidate the mechanisms underlying this resistance: we focused on evaluating the role of the tumour microenvironment, including infiltrating cells, cytokines, secreted factors, and angiogenesis, and its interaction with the tumour tissue. Finally, we analysed the possible role of immunotherapy in EGFR mutated tumours.
KW - Angiogenesis
KW - EGFR mutation
KW - ICI
KW - Immune checkpoint inhibitors
KW - NSCLC
KW - TKI
KW - TMB
KW - TME
KW - Tumour microenvironment
KW - Tumour mutational burden
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U2 - 10.3390/cancers11101419
DO - 10.3390/cancers11101419
M3 - Review article
AN - SCOPUS:85073473494
VL - 11
JO - Cancers
JF - Cancers
SN - 2072-6694
IS - 10
M1 - E1419
ER -