Viral, host and therapeutic factors affecting T-cell recovery in virologically controlled HIV patients

Despite suppressive combination antiretroviral therapy, a considerable proportion of HIV-infected patients do not achieve adequate immune recovery in terms of the CD4⁺ T-cell count, although they have controlled viremia values. Many questions remain for clinicians in the management of these patients, defined as immunological nonresponders, including questions about the mechanisms underlying the lack of immune restoration and possible therapeutic approaches to this particular group of patients.